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confiscation and expansion of settlements left no lands for another “state” solution. Hence resistance was a necessity. The paper adopts a comparative approach based on the assessment of wills between the resistance and those who support it versus the American ruler and the Zionist agent and the Western colonialism and their “Arab” cohorts. The paper also monitors and analyzes perceptions of the Al-Aqsa Flood process in terms of intellectual potential and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discusses the reality of electoral governance in Algeria, after the issuance of law No. 21-01 regulating elections, which was issued on March 10, 2021, and the subsequent legislative and local elections in the same year. The paper questions the extent to which governance indicators are applied in the electoral affairs in Algeria through the aforementioned past election entitlements, and the extent to which they are free from aspects of corruption or fraud. The integrity and credibility of elections is considered essential in the democratic process of any country, given that it produces future elites capable of managing people's concerns and hopes, and formulate development strategies that are in the interest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to clarify the concept of “crisis” and investigate its descriptive capacity in light of events and developments on the Libyan scene. It aims to provide a clearer understanding of this concept and proposes theoretical approaches to understand the Libyan crisis and test its current and future effects, including traditional and non-traditional approaches such as the Marxist conflict approach, the organic functional approach, and Edgar Morin’s crisis science approach. One of the main concerns of this paper is considering the Libyan crisis as interconnected stages through a long chronological sequence. This attempt represents an implicit approach to unraveling the Libyan situation, albeit not in-depth, considering the nature of complexity and branching that the Libyan crisis suffers from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany seeks to gain the approval of Israelis as much as possible, even if it means doing so on the ruins of a genocide being committed against the Palestinian people, exposing Germany’s contradiction as it tries to atone for its Nazi past by supporting “Semites”. This paper provides a narrative of the historical relationship between Germany and Israel, as Germany contributed to the establishment of the state of Israel and enabled it to possess the necessary power to maintain its existence. Germany has consistently sought to appease Israel, going so far as to link Germany’s existence to Israel’s security, without neglecting the influence of the United States in shaping this relationship between them as it stands today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the developments witnessed by the concept of security in strategic studies, based on the insights of the Egyptian thinker Bahgat Korany, who formulated the concepts of high and low politics. The former is linked to traditional military and security domains, while the latter is associated with social, economic, and cultural spheres, which current historical contexts have highlighted the importance of, particularly for countries described as lagging behind. The study adopts the cultural security model through analyzing the contemporary Arab world's reality, demonstrating that cultural security plays a fundamental role in securing various other sectors, especially in preserving identity and cultural distinctiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the foundations of colonial knowledge in the Maghreb countries during the colonial era, and the complications carried by its epistemological legacy in the present Maghreb and Arab- Islamic societies in general. The paper examines the French and Italian colonial cognitive experience in Libya and Tunisia, and its present influence on political thinking and defining events of which these countries are experiencing today. To test this proposition, the paper focuses critical observation on the “anthropological eyes” with which the French viewed the Fezzan in Libya between 1943 and 1947, and the complications of concepts such as tribe and farmer society with their colonial and ethnocentric cognitive content. The paper concludes with sculpting the methodological features that define the conditions for a critical cognitive position that should be taken regarding this legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to uncover the opportunities available for the success of the "modern tradition" model included in Qatar's Vision 2030, and whether legislative and educational leaderships in Qatar grasp this concept. The study reveals a legislative trend in Qatar to combine Qatari traditions, jurisprudential schools, and modernization. Similarly, there is a parallel trend in the educational sector to align Qatari traditions with Islamic values and modern behavioral patterns. The paper also indicates that the trend towards "modern tradition" is not limited to Qatar. It suggests that the primary concern should not only be the continuity of social cohesion but also the establishment of a middle class that believes in the "modern tradition" model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a historical sociological approach that closely links analysis to common trends in development or the application of sociology to problems by describing history as a field of inquiry and reflection, focusing on what calls for comparison. Addressing such a topic requires a paleontological analysis to determine the geostrategic background of the alliance between imperialism and Zionism: “To think well on political and social fields, one must read well into the historical field.” This study adopts a forceful high-pitched tone, that showcases aggression instead of war, especially since war is related to the use of force between two or more countries, according to Karl Clausewitz, while what Gaza is witnessing is an aggression of a military state against a liberation movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Al-Aqsa flood process, how it renewed the Palestinian cause by achieving shock and fear, revealing that the two-state solution is based on evasion and deception, due to the lack of an honest partner and mediator. Not to mention, the policy of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the phenomenon of state failure in general, and the Libyan state in particular, by studying the legacy left by Gaddafi regime and its impact on the institutions, which are believed to have become more fragile during his rule. The study discusses how the historical legacy of the Gaddafi regime played a role in the failure of the Libyan state after 2011, and assumes that personal authoritarian regimes such as the Gaddafi regime are the most harmful to state institutions. Given the inability of the ruling elite to restrict the behaviors and decisions of the authoritarian leader, which often aim to prevent the existence of any real institutions that might limit his ability to exercise power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questioning the concepts and clarifying their internal problems is a common matter between theologians and the Arabs before the Islamic Daʿwah. It is the basis of the Almighty’s revelation. It is to work with meanings in a way that reflects the characteristics of thought amongst the Arabs, indicating that Arab-Islamic philosophical discourses regarding boundaries are not simply due to the exposure to Greek philosophy or others. Second, it indicates that the Arabic language was fully mature and ready when called upon to contain the concepts of the new religion in general, and the concept of God at its highest levels of abstraction in particular. This is what the paper addresses by looking at the science of theology as a whole, and at the concept of time transformation according to Al-Kindi, in order to clarify the relationship between before and after the Daʿwah in terms of thought and its mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the faltering experience of democratic transition in Morocco, by recalling the historical contexts in which constitutional deliberation was raised, especially after announcing that human rights violations will be overlooked and a “rotation government” will be installed. The paper will identify the weaknesses that prevent the completion of conditions necessary for reforms and the establishment of democratic institutions. The study is mainly concerned with tracking the stages of political and constitutional reforms, the progress of demands since independence until the amendment of the 2011 Constitution, reciting the turning points in the history of political conflicts between the royal authority and the opposition forces, and analyzing the major outcomes that resulted, whether in terms of the specificity of the approaches and the proposed exits to liquidate the legacy of the authoritarian past, towards adopting institutional consensuses and approaches to implementing transitional justice and a controlled democratic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent development and social justice in any country is linked to the nature of the ruling class in it and the economic and social policies that this class usually adopts as an expression of its interests, and the extent to which these policies contribute to the productivity of the economy, providing job opportunities, the optimal use of natural and human resources, and ultimately in the equitable distribution of national wealth. This paper discusses development trends in Arab countries, the economic and monetary policies on which these trends are based, the major imbalances that Arab economies suffer from, and the economic and social effects that have resulted from them, which have created a clear disparity in various development indicators between one social group and another in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]