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Despite the normalization between some Arab Gulf states and Israel, the Gulf society has remained mostly distant from it, opting to confront it by various means. This reflects the Gulf popular rejection of normalization policies with the Zionist entity. However, these agreements still pose challenges to pro-Palestinian efforts and to normalization resistance in the Gulf region. This paper showcases four experiences of popular Gulf rejection of normalization with the Zionist entity (including Bahrain,Oman, Qatar and Kuwait), portraying the role of youth movements in these countries in confronting normalization and boycotting the Zionist entity and supporting the Palestinian cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian military operation in Ukraine triggered international turmoil, and had major repercussions on the entire world, including oil and gas prices, goods and services, migration policies, political alliances, and regional and international relations. It is pushing towards a change in the international system, but the features of the new system are not yet clear. This paper discusses the role of the Arab Gulf states in the stability of global energy markets, and sheds light on the Gulf-Chinese relations, and the role of OPEC+. The research identifies the main opportunities and challenges for policy makers and companies in the Arab Gulf states. It also shows the new political challenges facing these countries in terms of the future of their relations with the United States of America, some Western European countries, and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]