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This paper reports and discusses the typological characteristics and chemical composition of 93 Roman glass fragments discovered in the Roman fort and baths from Mălăieşti, Prahova County, Romania, dated to AD 102–118. The elemental analysis was performed by simultaneous external particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) at the AGLAE accelerator from the basement of the Louvre Palace, Paris, France. This study is part of a larger project, targeting the understanding of the daily life in a military fort at the fringes of the Roman world. The compositional data on glass finds allowed for discussions on the raw materials, the provenance, and the manufacturing techniques. The archaeometric investigations of these Roman glass items pointed to a rich palette of chemical types of glass, offering circumstantial indicators on the connections of this rather remote site with the rest of the empire during the early second century AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on the composition of thirty-eight Late Roman glass fragments (3rd–4th century CE) from Viminacium, the capital of Moesia Province, and Egeta, the fort controlling Iron Gates Gorge on the Roman Danube Limes. The glasses are measured using simultaneous particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE). The analysis shows that sixteen glasses belong to the Roman glass decolourized by antimony, nine to the Roman glass decolourized by manganese, and one is recycled using these two types. Five glasses belong to the Foy série 3.2, two to HIMT, one to Jalame type with manganese and one to the rare plant-ash type P-1, produced in Egypt, and for the first time reported from the continental Europe. The comparison of the finds with the contemporary glass from Serbia and from the wider Balkans shows a marked shift in glass trading patterns between the epochs of the High Empire and the Late Antiquity. During the High Empire, glass seems to be imported to the central and eastern Balkans mainly from the west via Roman road Aquileia–Emona–Siscia–Sirmium–Viminacium and perhaps via Adriatic ports, while in the Late Antiquity it was predominantly from east to west, over the Danube, Via Militaris or Aegean ports. Another find is that the richness of the glass market in Viminacium indicates that the capital of Moesia province on the Danube limes was a cosmopolitan city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the compositional characterization of eighty-two glass fragments discovered in archaeological contexts at Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, Constanţa county, Romania), most of them dated to the 4th–6th centuries AD, in an attempt to understand the glass consumption and circulation in the Lower Danube region during the Late Antique period. The analytical results were obtained using external Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) techniques at the New AGLAE accelerator located in the basement of the Louvre Palace, Paris, France. The chemical data were compared to those on coeval glass finds from the literature. The naturally colored Tropaeum Traiani glass fragments turned out to belong to Série 2.1 of Foy, Série 3.2 of Foy, HIMT (high iron manganese titanium), and HIT (high iron titanium) compositional groups of Late Antique glass. The lack of color in several fragments was obtained either through the use of antimony or manganese compounds; intermediate recipes for colorless vessels, indicative for recycling procedures, were evidenced as well. The sample set also included several naturally colored blue and green glasses dated to the Early Roman period which showed compositional patterns typical for Roman Imperial glass. The variety in the chemistry of the vitreous finds reported in this paper, demonstrated by the identification of different glass types previously encountered in contemporary objects from many archaeological sites from the Mediterranean Sea and Balkan Mountains regions during the Late Antique period, reflects the trade connections of the settlements from the Lower Danube and the Black Sea region with the rest of the Roman world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports and discusses the chemical composition of 20 glass fragments discovered during the 2012 archeological survey at Troesmis (Turcoaia, Tulcea county, Romania) and dated to the Roman and the Byzantine/Early Medieval periods. The data were obtained by two external Ion beam analysis (IBA) methods—namely Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE)—and they were compared to the recognized compositional glass groups from the Mediterranean region during the first millennium AD. The Troesmis assemblage turned out to contain samples belonging to several distinct categories of ancient glass, obtained from different raw materials and manufacturing procedures. Some of the analyzed vitreous finds from Troesmis were the result of glass recycling, while others were identified as deriving from Roman glass vessels imported from the Levantine or Egyptian shores of the Mediterranean. This archeometric study brings additional arguments for the long-range commercial exchanges during the Roman period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]