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Border delimitations and border disputes were an important part of the early modern process of state formation and the consolidation of power. As such, they are often taken into consideration when studying political and dynastic issues, such as succession disputes, while maps are frequently studied as a form of visualisation to depict territories and borders. So far, however, neither the administrative activities involved in these processes nor the border treaties (Grenzrezesse) which constitute the most important type of source for this area of research have been studied. The aim of this paper is to examine this topic using the principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel as an example. This principality saw the creation and later on the expansion of administrative structures concerned with border issues from the 16th century onwards. The central aspect analysed in this paper is the process of how border disputes were settled. This was mostly achieved through border commissions. Each party involved in the conflict assigned representatives, both officials of the administrative institutions responsible for border issues (Grenzbehörden) as well as privy councillors (Geheime Räte) to serve as commissioners on these commissions. The result of their work were border treaties. These include narrationes explaining the circumstances of the conflict and of the commission, while the dispositiones comprise the articles listing the terms that had been agreed upon. Compared to administrative records pertaining to border disputes (Grenzakten), border treaties generally offer more information. This is why, when researching these phenomena, this distinctly early modern type of charter is of particular importance. It can serve as a compendium of an entire border dispute and, if there is a proper archival description, as a sort of finding aid for the record in question. This paper therefore also analyses the history of the development of this type of charter. Boundary maps, the third type of source discussed served to visualize and delineate the demarcation of borders, but seem to have been of rather minor importance at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we view on archival records? Traditionally, we consult archival materials in reading rooms. This traditional setting has changed fundamentally since archival documents are also displayed on screens. Although there are many similarities between paper and the screen, there is one crucial difference when it comes to digital images of archival documents: digital images are nothing more than computer graphics. This opens up a fascinating world with countless possibilities for image manipulation. In this paper, we will look at some of the disruptive consequences of this technological paradigm shift. To this end, we present various digitization techniques used at the State Archives of North Rhine-Westphalia on an archival collection consisting of early modern records that were severely damaged during World War II (Landesarchiv NRW, Abteilung Rheinland, RW 1001 Reichsstadt Aachen, Akten Nr. 55a 77b). Many of these documents have washed-out texts due to water exposure. By using advanced digitization technologies such as multispectral imaging, we are attempting to restore digitally the writing and make the invisible text visible again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comprises two sections. The first section opens with an explanation of why the work concerned with supplementing and completing the existing regesta of Sigismund of Luxembourg's charters, which was started at Regesta Imperii in 2004, was abandoned in favour of a comprehensive revision. Following this, the paper gives a description of the development of the various projects in Vienna, Brno and Munich from 2004 to 2022, the progress which has already been made, both with regards to archival research and to the work on the abstracts themselves, as well as current plans for the future of the project. The first section concludes with an overview of how the guidelines for the creation of abstracts used in the Sigismund Project have evolved during this time. The second section of this paper includes the current version of these guidelines, which was written by the author himself in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 70 years have passed since Philippe Lauer published his edition of the 130 royal diplomas of Charles III the Simple (893/898-923). Since then numerous studies of these diplomas have been brought forward, concerning their genuineness, interpolations, datings, identifications of places and more. This paper unites these studies and adds further thoughts, thus providing comments on no less than 47 charters, acting as a supplement to Lauer's edition: Four deperdita are added to the collection. Seven diplomas thought to be genuine by Lauer are identified as forgeries, while in turn three supposed forgeries are shown to be genuine. Four more diplomas contain interpolations and another two were rewritten at a later point. Datings of a further 18 diplomas are corrected, as are the places of issue of another 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the use of charters during the early modern period. The Cistercian monastery of Mariental near Helmstedt, which became part of the principality (Fürstentum) of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in 1571, has been chosen to serve as a case study. Due to its valuable assets in the eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire, i.e. in the Hochstift Halberstadt and the Prince-Archbishopric (Erzstift) of Magdeburg, it was constantly involved in legal disputes with these territories throughout the early modern period. These disputes must be considered in the context of the state-building process of the time. Charters were the most important evidence which could be provided to prove rights of possession and were therefore studied by archivists and lawyers. Specialised methods of handling these sources were developed and refined in the 17th century. When studying a document, the decisive goal was not so much to determine its authenticity, but rather to collect and arrange the relevant information in order to provide proof of the monastery's rights. In addition to the legal appraisal of the Mariental documents, they were used as sources for historiographical texts by scholars of the University of Helmstedt as early as the 16th century. While these two approaches - the historiographical and the jurisprudential - both had a mutual influence on each other, it was mostly the historiographical approach which was informed by the jurisprudential one. The latter went on to have a marked influence on how information was presented in historiographical writings in the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the first patents of nobility (Adelsbriefe) in the Holy Roman Empire were granted as early as the 14th and 15th centuries, they are essentially an early modern genre of charter that has been insufficiently studied until now. The aim of this paper is to analyse both the patents of nobility themselves as well as the process of creation and authentication. This process was one of cooperation between the person seeking to have a title of nobility conferred on themselves, the emperor and the territorial lord (Landesherr). In many cases, it is not possible to clearly distinguish between the acts of ennoblement (Nobilitierung) and of elevation to a higher rank (Standeserhöhung). Both were initially requested from and approved by the emperor, but subsequently had to be confirmed by the respective territorial lord. During the 17th century, a structured procedure of recognition emerged, which is examined in this study using the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel as an example. The approval of both the emperor and the territorial lord were usually granted, but did not guarantee that the newly ennobled person's would be accepted by their peers. Of course, the initiative almost invariably came from those wishing to be ennobled. Over the course of the early modern period, the forms used for patents of nobility underwent marked changes. The narratio, in particular, was progressively tailored to fit each individual applicant, although it must be noted that these phrases which, however, only reflected the image the applicant wished to convey. After 1806, the German princes were able to issue patents of nobility independently and the forms used in these documents became increasingly abbreviated and less specific to the applicant in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the early years of the Westphalian bishopric of Osnabrueck (today: Federal State of Lower Saxony). Following the results of Kölzer's edition of Louis the Pious' diplomas it attempts to show that the early Carolingian diplomas due to their falsification without any exception do not allow any reasonable reconstruction of Osnabrueck's first decades. The lack of any historiography prior to the years of bishop Benno II (1068-1088) and the very few references to Osnabrueck's bishops outside of the bishopric during the 9th century do not allow a reconstruction of an episcopal succession either. Recent archaeological excavations in and around the cathedral building and the adjacent cloister add some new light on building activities since the late 8th century. So, the recent study of Mehdorn on missionaries and missionary bishops in Saxony up to the middle of the 9th century offers a reliable explanatory model even for the Osnabrueck case: The supposed first bishops Wiho and Meingoz obviously did not exist at all, since their only mentions derive from falsifications of the 11th century. Gefwin (since 829 or slightly earlier) appears to have been the first missionary bishop acting ,in' Osnabrueck and Gauzbert (845-c.859) obviously is the first bishop ,of' Osnabrueck who in 848 obtained the first diploma of immunity by Louis the German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]