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MCAD deficiency is the most common fatty acid oxidation disorder, with the prevalence varying from 1/10,000 to 1/27,000 in the countries adjacent to France. As the High Authority for Health has recently proposed including MCAD deficiency in the panel of diseases neonatally screened for in France, a consensus was written for the management of MCAD deficiency diagnosed either clinically or by neonatal screening. Patients may present acutely with hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, encephalopathy, and hepatomegaly, mainly after a prolonged fast of intercurrent infection. Sudden death related to heartbeat disorders may also occur. The diagnosis of MCAD deficiency is suspected on the plasma acylcarnitine and/or the urinary organic acid profile. The diagnosis is confirmed by molecular biology and the enzymatic activity for patients who are not homozygous for the main mutation c.985A>G. However, some MCAD-deficient individuals may remain asymptomatic throughout life. The mainstay of treatment consists in avoiding prolonged fast and prescribing l-carnitine for patients who exhibit a deficiency in plasma carnitine. This management has radically modified the natural history of MCAD deficiency. This consensus will allow homogeneous management of these patients once the neonatal screening of MCAD deficiency has been introduced in France., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a neurocutaneous autosomal recessive disease caused by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FADH) deficiency. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis pathways of some fatty acids, phytanic acid, and leukotrienes. The main features of the disease are its association with congenital ichthyosis, mental retardation, and spastic tetraplegia., Methods: We report on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of 2 cases of SLS., Results: The diagnosis of SLS was suspected in the first patient at 2 years of age before the clinical triad appeared and confirmed at 4 years of age by the culture of fibroblasts and the peak of lipids on 1.3 ppm spectroscopy. After 3 months of treatment with zileuton, an inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis, moderate clinical efficacy for pruritus and ichthyosis was observed. The second patient was diagnosed at 1 year of age with the association of psychomotor retardation and congenital ichthyosis, in accordance with acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. Diagnosis was confirmed with enzymology, and cerebral spectro-MRI featured an abnormal lipidic peak. Zileuton therapy was initiated at the time of diagnosis and was effective for pruritus after 6 months of treatment., Conclusion: We report 2 cases of SLS with delayed diagnosis, due to non neonatal symptoms. Treatment with zileuton shows partial efficacy especially in pruritus. The uncommon association of this rare dysmyelinating disease with Guillain-Barré syndrome in the second patient is discussed., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare, neurovisceral, autosomic recessive, lysosomal lipid storage disorder associated with impaired intracellular lipid trafficking leading to accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in the brain, the liver, the spleen and also the lung. NPC has a very heterogenous clinical presentation from perinatal period to adulthood. The perinatal presentation is visceral. In the early-infantile, late-infantile and juvenile period, a wide range of aspecific and progressive neurologic symptoms varies according to the age at onset, but four signs have a great diagnostic value : prolonged neonatal cholestasis, splenomegaly, cataplexy and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy. The diagnosis confirmation requires a fibroblast culture and molecular genetic testing of NPC1 and NPC2 genes. The recent approval of a specific treatment, reducing neurological disease progression, makes essential an early diagnosis of NPC., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disease affecting about one birth out of 15 000. From 1978, a national systematic neonatal screening was set up in France with a regional organisation. French rational and guidelines have been established by the national PKU group with the collaboration of all the physicians responsible for the regional centres. These guidelines specify the minimal diagnosis procedures leading to an optimal treatment of all patients. A low-phenylalanine diet must be started as soon as possible in the neonatal period for all newborns whose phenylalanine levels are above 10 mg/dl. The dietary control must keep the phenylalanine plasma levels between 2 and 5 mg/dl until 10 years of age. After this age, several data argue for a progressive and controlled relaxation of the diet, keeping the phenylalanine level below 15 mg/dl until the end of the adolescence and below 20 to 25 mg/dl in adulthood. All PKU patients must be followed up for life, in order to screen those who may not bear the diet relaxation and in order to strictly prevent maternal PKU deleterious consequences.

Unlabelled: Congenital disorders of glycosylation type I (GDG-I) is a class of genetic multisystem disorders characterised by defective glycosylation of glycoproteins. The characteristics and mechanisms of failure to thrive and intestinal diseases present in CDG-I are anectodal., Patients and Methods: The aim of this study was to analyse 7 CDG-I (4 CDG-Ia, 2 CDG-Ib and 1 CDG-Ix) with important digestive symptoms and failure to thrive in order to characterise the mechanisms implied., Results: Four children had no skin abnormality or dysmorphia (1 CDG-Ia, 2 CDG-Ib, 1 CDG-Ix). An encephalopathy with cerebellar hypoplasia was present only in the 4 CDG-Ia. Failure to thrive and diarrhea were present during the first month of life in 6 and appeared at 5 years in one CDG-Ia associated to mild or severe hepatopathy in all patients. One CDG-Ia, 1 CDG-Ib, 1 CDG-Ix had an exsudative enteropathy. A positive steatorrhea was present in 3 patients. Five patients had an abnormal small bowel biopsy. Abnormalities were variable: moderate inflammation of the chorion without villous atrophy in 2, intra-enterocyte fat accumulation without villous atrophy in 2, and partial villous atrophy with lymphangectasia in 1. In 2 CDG-Ia the intestinal biopsy was normal. Enteral nutrition in 4 and parenteral nutrition in 2 were effective in 4 patients and 1 patient with an exsudative enteropathy respond to a free fat diet (CDG-Ix)., Conclusion: The digestive symptoms with failure to thrive is a common feature of CDG-I and could be the first symptoms. The diagnostic should be suspected if no other cause is found. Mechanisms of the intestinal symptoms appear to be multiple such as inflammation, abnormal enterocyte lipid transport or intestinal permeability related to the abnormal glycosylation of intestinal mucosa glycoproteins.

Haematological symptoms can be helpful for the diagnosis of metabolic diseases. A megaloblastic anemia orientates to folate and cobalamine anomalies when associated with homocystinemia and decreased plasma methionine levels, or to congenital oroticuria (hypochromia), Pearson syndrome (sideroblasts and vacuolisation of precursors) and thiamine transporter abnormality (sideroblasts) in the absence of homocystinuria. An hemolytic anemia orientates to anomalies of anaerobic glycolysis, heme synthesis, or iron metabolism, and Wilson disease. A pancytopenia orientates to organic aciduria, lysinuric protein intolerance, mevalonic aciduria and lysosomal storage diseases (Gaucher, Niemann Pick, Wolman) when hepatosplenomegaly is present. Uremic hemolytic syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis respectively orientate to B12 anomalies, lysinuric protein intolerance, lysosomal storage diseases and organic aciduria.

Background: Hereditary tyrosinemia type I is a disease with a severe prognosis. Main causes of death are acute liver failure, neurologic crises and hepatocarcinoma. NTBC, which acts as an inhibitor of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, prevents the formation of toxic metabolites involved in hepatic, renal and neurologic lesions., Case Reports: Results of NTBC therapy used in three infants with type I tyrosinemia who presented with acute liver failure are reported. The diagnosis relied on the finding of high plasmatic levels of tyrosine and methionine, and abnormal urinary excretion of succinyl acetone and delta aminolevulinic acid. Treatment with NTBC was initiated within 2 to 8 days from onset of symptoms. Signs of liver failure resolved after 3 weeks therapy. After 12 to 39 months of follow-up, outcome remains favorable., Conclusion: The results reported here highlight the efficiency of NTBC in type I tyrosinemia with early acute onset. However, the long term outcome needs to be determined with regards to prevention of hepatocarcinoma and toxicity of the drug.

Unlabelled: The age of discovery and initial symptoms of cow milk allergy can vary. Lactic acidosis is exceptionally associated to this allergy., Case Report: A 32-day-old girl was admitted for a severe malaise with metabolic acidosis and hyperlactacidemia. There were no neonatal or family problems; breastfeeding was stopped on the 25th day. Fever was noted on the 29th day and her mother reported behavior anomalies followed by a severe malaise with unconsciousness between the 29th and 32nd day. At admission, the infant showed a severe neurological distress, hypotonia and lethargy. Infection and neurological imaging were normal. A compensated metabolic acidosis with hyperlactacidemia (5.96 mmol/L) was noted. There was no argument for esophageal reflux nor vagal hypertony; mitochondrial cytopathy was also excluded. After a 24 hours fast, the clinical state gradually improved and normalized at h48. The infant was discharged with a milk protein hydrolysate formula. Her mother attempted to reintroduce cow milk on the 59th and 64th day, but this was immediately followed by allergic manifestations which supported the diagnosis of cow milk allergy., Conclusion: Neurological distress and hyperlactacidemia exceptionally reveal this type of intolerance. The mechanism of hyperlactacidemia remains unclear; it is possibly the consequence of severe changes of the intestinal mucosa, an exclusive glycolytic tissue.

Background: The marrows of patients with lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) are generally considered as normal, even though autoerythrophagocytosis has been observed in some of them., Case Reports: Lysinuric protein intolerance was recognized in two 12 and 15-year-old brothers who had been diagnosed following an immuno-hematological investigation. Clinical history had been characterized by a neonatal macrophage activation syndrome (hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and hypertriglyceridemia). A putative diagnosis of familial lymphohistiocytosis had been ruled out because of unusual clinical and immunological course. Both brothers had displayed chronic aversion to high-protein foods, failure to thrive, osteoporosis and developmental delay. Metabolic investigations had revealed chronic hyperammonemia while cationic aminoaciduria (lysine, arginine and ornithine) was only present during L-citrulline supplementation. Bone marrow examinations had been performed during the neonatal period and during later metabolic investigations. They both displayed a peculiar red cell and granulocytes phagocytosis by histiocytes and granulocytes precursors., Conclusions: This aspect of bone marrow could be considered as a specific sign of LPI. This report suggests that appropriate metabolic investigations should be performed in any unexplained macrophage activation syndrome.

Pregnant women with hyperphenylalaninemia are at high risk of spontaneous abortion and of giving birth to infants with congenital malformations, microcephaly and mental defect. Among mothers whose phenylalaninemia is greater than 1200 mumol/L (20 mg/100 mL), 95% have at least one child with mental retardation. A low phenylalanine diet with a good control of phenylalaninemia, started before conception, reduces this risk, better results being obtained when plasma phenylalanine levels are maintained below 360 mumol/L (6 mg/100 mL) as compared with levels maintained between 360 to 600 mumol/L (6-10 mg/100 mL). Thus, systematic contraception and planned pregnancies must be recommended in all hyperphenylalanemic young women. This implies early information of phenylketonuric teenage girls and their parents. In addition, efforts must be made to join and inform all women having had hyperphenylalaninemia at birth, whether they received a dietary treatment or not. It is also important that general practitioners, pediatricians and obstetricians be aware of the high recurrence risk in hyperphenylalanemic women who gave birth to a microcephalic or malformed infant.

Background: Dietary treatment of maple syrup urine disease remains difficult; chronic nutritional support in the child does not always avoid acute crises so that liver transplantation may represent an alternate choice in some cases., Case Reports: Two gypsy cousins were born by an interval of 4 days; both had maple syrup urine disease and were similarly treated from the first days of life. They were given exchange transfusions followed by diet restricted in the branched chain amino acids, maintaining normal growth and plasma leucine concentrations under 7 mg/100 ml. Laura, at 10 years, was retarded at school. Compliance to school attendance was limited by her diet problems. Helen suffered at 7 yr 3 mo from liver failure due to hepatitis A virus infection which required liver transplantation. Protein intake was normal 1 week later. At 10 years, she presented with the same degree of school retardation as her cousin, and was placed in the same class., Conclusion: Liver transplantation may be effective for treating metabolic problems in MSVD without significative difference between outcome post classic treatment or post liver transplantation.