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Clock drawing is recommended by medical and transportation authorities as a screening test for unsafe drivers. The objective of the present study was to assess the usefulness of different clock drawing systems as screening measures of driving performance in 122 healthy and cognitively impaired older drivers. Clock drawing was measured using four different scoring systems. Driving outcomes included global ratings of safety and the error rate on a standardized on-road test. Findings revealed that clock drawing was significantly correlated with the driving score on the road test for each of the scoring systems. However, receiver operator curve analyses showed limited clinical utility for clock drawing as a screening instrument for impaired on-road driving performance with the area under the curve ranging from 0.53 to 0.61. Results from this study indicate that clock drawing has limited utility as a solitary screening measure of on-road driving, even when considering a variety of scoring approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Clock Drawing Test has been systematically used to assess visuospatial deficits related to the parietal lobes, but we now acknowledge its much more complex relation with other cognitive abilities. Despite its common use in clinical and investigational practices, no study has developed normative data for the Portuguese population. We present the distribution of clock drawing scores using three scoring systems in a representative community sample of cognitively healthy subjects. We found that the systems were well correlated with each other and with cognitive screening tests widely used and had good psychometric properties. Normative data for the three scoring systems were developed considering age and education. These results allow a more rigorous interpretation of the test performance in clinical context and are especially relevant for epidemiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CLOX is a clock drawing test used to screen for cognitive impairment in older adults, but there is limited normative data for this measure. This study presents normative data for the CLOX derived from a diverse sample of 585 community-dwelling older adults with complete cognitive data at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Participants with evidence of baseline impairment or substantial 4-year decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination were excluded from the normative sample. Spontaneous clock drawing (CLOX1) and copy (CLOX2) performances were stratified by age group and reading ability from the Wide Range Achievement Test, 3rd edition (WRAT-3). Lowest mean CLOX scores were observed for the oldest age group (75+ years old) with the lowest WRAT-3 reading scores. For all groups, average scores were higher for CLOX2 than CLOX1. These normative data may be helpful to clinicians and researchers for interpreting CLOX performance in older adults with diverse levels of reading ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a common neuropsychological measure sensitive to cognitive changes and functional skills (e.g., driving test performance) among older adults. However, normative data have not been adequately developed. We report the distribution of CDT scores using three common scoring systems [Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., & Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer''s Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095–1099; Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., & Corey-Bloom, J. (1996). Screening for dementia of the Alzheimer type in the community: The utility of the Clock Drawing Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(6), 529–539], among 207 cognitively normal elderly. The systems were well correlated, took little time to use, and had high inter-rater reliability. We found statistically significant differences in CDT scores based on age and WRAT-3 Reading score, a marker of education quality. We present means, standard deviations, and t- and z-scores based on these subgroups. We found that “normal” CDT performance includes a wider distribution of scores than previously reported. Our results may serve as useful comparisons for clinicians wishing to know whether their patients perform in the general range of cognitively normal elderly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Pons et al. (2008) highlights the importance of the level of social adaptation of the tests. Our aim is collect normative data from the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and Phonemic Verbal Fluency (PVF) on a Puerto Rican non clinical adult population between 50–90 years old. This presentation includes preliminary data of the ongoing study. Method: The study includes measures to rule out cognitive impairment, family member interview, and the experimental measures: CDT & PVF. Quantitative, non-cross experimental descriptive design was analyzed. For this sample (n = 27) the average age was 57 years old (SD = 5.566), most with a Bachelor Degree education, (SD = .76), and 55.6% were females. All the participants were Puerto Rican adults with 50–71 years old, selected by availability. Results: We conducted an Independent Sample Test between the total score of the CDT and gender. Non-significant differences were found between these variables (p > .05). The effect size was .73. An ANOVA analysis with PVF and schooling was done. Among the letter “R” and schooling obtained an, F = 7.73, p < 0.05, eta = 0.20, and with “M”; F = 1.81, p > . 05 with eta = 0.13. Conclusion(s): Females obtained a higher score on the CDT than males. Subjects with 1–4 years of bachelor's level education obtained a greater number of words with the letter "R", than those with lower schooling in PVF test. This trend will be evaluated with a bigger sample as part of the final normative study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In Puerto Rico, there exists a paucity of neuropsychological tests with normative data to make an accurate and appropriate diagnosis to the population. Our aim is to collect normative data from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) on a Puerto Rican non-clinical adult population between 50–90 years old. This presentation includes preliminary data of the ongoing study. Method: Phase I includes a rule out of cognitive impairment: family member interview, Clock Drawing Test & Phonemic Verbal Fluency. Phase II include the experimental measures: MoCA & SVF. Quantitative, non-cross experimental descriptive design was analyze with a preliminary sample (n = 27). The average age was 57 years (SD = 5.566), most with Bachelor Degree education (SD = .76), and 55.6% were females. All the participants were Puerto Rican adults with 50–71 years old, selected by availability. Results: ANOVA was performed with the MoCA relative to age and schooling variables. No significant differences were found. SVF related to named animals and supermarket items reflected a significant deference in animal and academic degrees, while grocery items showed no significant difference, a large animal eta2 of .31 and a median of .13 for grocery items. Conclusion(s): Preliminary results with the MoCA showed that older participants reflect lower scores. Similarly, it was shown that individuals with less education tend to produce fewer animal names. This trend will be evaluated with a bigger sample as part of the final normative study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]