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Cyclodestruction is a technique reserved for glaucomas not controlled with medical and surgical treatment and poor visual potential. During the last century, new cyclodestructive techniques were developed, including cyclophotocoagulation, and the use of continuous-wave diode laser transescleral cyclophotocoagulation (CW-TS-CPC) has become widespread. In recent decades, micropulse diode laser transescleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TS-CPC) was introduced. We review the cyclodestruction techniques since their origins and these two techniques of cyclophotocoagulation, which are currently the most widely used: how they are performed, their mechanisms of action and their effectiveness and efficacy. We also review the comparison between them and with other techniques., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the presence of SARS-COV-2 specific IgA and IgG antibodies in tears of unvaccinated and anti-COVID-19 vaccinated subjects with previous history of SARS-COV-2 infection. To compare results in tears with those in saliva and serum and correlate with clinical data and vaccination regimens., Methods: Cross-sectional study including subjects with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, both unvaccinated and vaccinated against COVID-19. Three samples were collected: tears, saliva and serum. IgA and IgG antibodies against S-1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed with a semi-quantitative ELISA., Results: 30 subjects, mean age 36.4 ± 10, males 13/30 (43.3%) with history of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. 13/30 (43.3%) subjects had received a 2-dose regimen and 13/30 (43.3%) a 3-dose regimen of anti-COVID-19 vaccine, 4/30 (13.3%) subjects were unvaccinated. All the participants with full anti-COVID-19 vaccination (2-or 3-doses) presented detectable anti-S1 specific IgA in all three biofluids, tears, saliva and serum. Among unvaccinated subjects, specific IgA was detected in 3/4 subjects in tears and saliva, whereas IgG was not detected. Considering IgA and IgG antibodies titers, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination regimen., Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in tears after mild COVID-19, highlighting the role of the ocular surface as a first line of defense against infection. Most naturally infected unvaccinated individuals exhibit long-term specific IgA in tears and saliva. Hybrid immunization (natural infection plus vaccination) appears to enhance mucosal and systemic IgG responses. However, no differences were observed between the 2- and 3-dose vaccination schedule., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

We present an uncommon case of a unilateral congenital retinal macrovessel documented with retinography, perimetry, fluorescein angiography and macular optical coherence tomography. In the case presented the macrovessel crossed the horizontal meridian, between macula and optic disk. A literature review has been performed on congenital retinal macrovessels, possible structural and visual alterations they may cause and their association with other pathologies., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Our visual system has evolved to provide us with an image of the scene that surrounds us, informing us of its texture, colour, movement, and depth with an enormous spatial and temporal resolution, and for this purpose, the image formation (IF) dedicates the vast majority of our retinal ganglion cell (RGC) population and much of our cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a minuscule proportion of RGCs, in addition to receiving information from classic cone and rod photoreceptors, express melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGC). These ipRGC are dedicated to non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, of which we are unaware, but which are essential for aspects related to our daily physiology, such as the timing of our circadian rhythms and our pupillary light reflex, among many others. Before the discovery of ipRGCs, it was thought that the IF and NIF functions were distinct compartments regulated by different RGCs, but this concept has evolved in recent years with the discovery of new types of ipRGCs that innervate subcortical IF regions, and therefore have IF visual functions. Six different types of ipRGCs are currently known. These are termed M1-M6, and differ in their morphological, functional, molecular properties, central projections, and visual behaviour responsibilities. A review is presented on the melanopsin visual system, the most active field of research in vision, for which knowledge has grown exponentially during the last two decades, when RGCs giving rise to this pathway were first discovered., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)