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This study investigated the composition and properties of the main soil types in the natural biogeocenoses of tundra and taiga in the coastal lowlands of the Arctic zone of Northern Yakutia. We have identified the total content of biologically important chemical elements in the soils and resource plants (N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, B, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, V, Sb, and Sr), and the concentration of mobile forms of S, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Cr, Ni, and Pb in different extractants. We also specified the influence of soil composition and properties on the content of macro- and microelements. Various mobilities of chemical elements in soils and their availability to plants have been revealed. The amounts of chemical elements in the studied soils and plants were estimated according to agrochemical, biogeochemical and hygienic criteria and standards.