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Background and Objectives: Few studies have investigated the effects of dietary theobromine intake on the cognitive performance of older adults. Therefore, we investigated these effects in older adults in the United States. Methods and Study Design: In this cross-sectional study, we used data (2011–2014) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Intake of theobromine intake was obtained through two 24-h dietary recall interviews and was adjusted by energy. Cognitive performance was assessed using the animal fluency test, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were constructed to evaluate the correlation between the dietary intake of theobromine from different sources and the likelihood of low cognitive performance. Results: The fully adjusted model revealed that compared with the lowest quintile, the odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) of cognitive performance in the CERAD test were 0.42 (0.28–0.64), 0.34 (0.14– 0.83), 0.25 (0.07–0.87), and 0.35 (0.13–0.95) for the highest quintile of total theobromine intake and that from chocolate, coffee, and cream, respectively. Dose–response relationship analysis indicated nonlinear correlations between the likelihood of low cognitive performance and dietary theobromine (total intake and that from chocolate, coffee, and cream). An L-shaped relationship was observed between total theobromine intake and cognitive performance in the CERAD test. Conclusions: The dietary intakes of theobromine (total and that from chocolate, coffee, and cream) may protect older adults, particularly men, against low cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In daily life, the intake of dietary nutrients is mixed. However, evidence for the association between mixed dietary B vitamin intake and insulin resistance is limited. In this study, we estimated the joint effect of intake of various dietary B vitamins on insulin resistance. Methods and Study Design: This crosssectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018. We included 1,628 middle-aged and 1,058 older adults without diabetes. Multivariable logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression models were constructed. Results: In the multivariable logistic regression, when all B vitamins were included in the model, the ORs (95% CIs) of insulin resistance were 3.06 (1.00-9.37) and 0.42 (0.19-0.93) for the highest quartile of vitamin B-1 and B-12 intake in the middle-aged group when the lowest quartile was the reference. In the older group, no significant association was observed. In the Bayesian kernel machine regression analysis, a negative trend was noted between mixed B vitamin intake and insulin resistance in both examined groups. The univariate exposure-response function indicated that vitamin B-12 intake was negatively associated with insulin resistance in the middle-aged group, and that vitamin B-6 and dietary folate equivalent intakes were negatively associated with insulin resistance in older group. The bivariate exposure-response function indicated a potential interaction effect between dietary intake of vitamin B-12 and those of vitamin B-1, B-2, niacin, and dietary folate equivalent on insulin resistance in older people. Conclusions: Our results suggest that mixed dietary B vitamin intake tends to decrease the OR of insulin resistance both in middle-aged and older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]