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Solar energy is one of the main promising clean energy sources in future of the world. The technology of photovoltaic systems (PV) has continuous development with many applications. So, it is generate electricity without dangerous effects in the environment. Today, photovoltaic systems are largely used in rural electrification, and grid connected system water pumping irrigation and remote check point etc. Solar cell performance decreases with increasing temperature, fundamentally owing to increased internal carrier recombination rates, caused by increased carrier concentration. Results obtained showed that from 26.6 to 42.1 % reduction in power when temperature was 47 and 40oC respectively El-Kharga Oasis has hyper-arid climate which characterizes the western desert. El-Kharga oasis climate is continental with very hot summer and extreme daily temperature ranges. July is hottest month, with daily maximum and minimum temperature of about 40.9 and 24.7oC, respectively. The maximum temperature occasionally approaches 50oC ion summer; with January being the coldest month in January. This work aimed to study and overcome the negative effects of climatic factors on the efficiency of solar panel quantities to increase the amount of pumped water to satisfy the growing crops needs. It was carried out at El-Kharga, New Valley Governorate, Egypt, which bounded by long 30 20 and 30 40 E and Lat 25 05 and 25 30 N. To increase the efficiency of photovoltaic module two experiments were conducted: 1-Shading: Five shading treatments were tested including control, black screen sheath of 63% shading; grey screen sheath of 65% shading, black screen sheath of 73% shading and white screen sheath of 65% shading. The highest current and voltage output was from the control, and all other treatments were less than the control. The white 65% came the next after the control. 2- Cooling: In this part, five treatments were investigated namely, control, coaling by water, covering by glass 3 mm thick, Greenhouses effect as covering with glass at 2 cm over the panel and coating with as olive oil. The obtained results showed that was cooling with water was the best treatment may followed coating with olive oil and then the control. The produced energy in will used for pumping irrigation water for growing crops in farms at north El-Kharga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Agriculture Faculty, South Valley University at Qena Governorate, Egypt, during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons to study the effect of salicylic acid and NPK fertilization on wheat productivity. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using strip plot arrangement with three replications. The first variable was salicylic acid concentrations which occupied horizontally. While the second one was NPK rates which allocated vertically. The obtained results showed that all studied traits in both seasons were affected significantly by salicylic acid concentrations in favour of 150 ppm concentration as well as by NPK fertilization rates in favour of high rate(125, 45 and 48 kg fed-1 of N, P and K, respectively). Furthermore, wheat plants sprayed by high salicylic acid concentration and subjected to high NPK fertilization rate produced the highest mean values of grain yield (2600 and 2520 kg fed-1 in the first and second seasons, respectively). While, wheat plants sprayed by high salicylic acid concentration and subjected to low NPK fertilization rate gave the maximum mean values of use efficiency for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016 at the Experimental Orchard Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, to investigate the effect of cluster or berry thinning on fruiting of Ruby Seedless grapevines. Thinning treatments were performed after berry set. The experiment was arranged in randomized set up as complete block with eight treatments and three replicates one vine per each. - Fruit thinning by removing either 20 or 30% of cluster number/vine, as well as removing 30% of cluster shoulders considerably decreased the yield. Yield was unaffected carrying out by other thinning treatments compared to unthinned ones (control). - Removing 20 or 30% of cluster number was responsive for increasing the cluster weight. Contrarly removed 30% of cluster shoulders materially deceased cluster weight, whereas cluster weight was unaffected by other thinning treatment compared to control. - The best cluster compactness coefficient and form was obtained due berry thinning as removing 15% of its shoulders combined by 15% of cluster apical removal. - All berry thinning improved the grapes quality in terms of increasing berry weight, berry coloration, total soluble solid and sugar contents and decreasing titratable acidity compared to control. From this study, it is clear that to get the high yield with good clusters and berry traits it is preferable for carrying out berry thinning by removing 15% of cluster shoulders along with cutting back 15% from the apical cluster or cutting back about 30% of the apical portion of the cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western desert of Egypt is an area of the natural extension for agricultural, industrial, and civil activities. The expansion requires a great demand for groundwater on the western limestone plateau in the central part of Egypt. Ten groundwater samples were collected from limestone Eocene aquifer wells located in the western desert, Assiut region.to evaluate the quality of these well waters for irrigation. The area under consideration lies between latitudes 27o 7' 540" - 27o 34' 474" N and longitudes 30o 39' 487" - 30o 53' 244"E. The chemical properties of groundwater of the investigated aquifer wells were determined, such as, major ions, pH, EC, TDS, SAR, RSC, RSCB, SSP, magnesium hazard (MH), total hardness (TH) and permeability index (PI). The concentration of the cations in the groundwater of the study area is in the order of Na+ > Ca 2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and that of the anions is in the order of Cl> HCO3 2> SO4 2 .Values of the groundwater quality show that the water is suitable for the irrigation use, except the EC values of some wells that have a moderately saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, El-Mattana, Agriculture Research Station, Luxor, Egypt during spring season of 2013 to determine the effects of water stress on sugarcane yield and its quality as well as its response to potassium application. The experiment was laid out in split-split plots design with three replicates. The main plots were used to express irrigation regimes (0.8, 1 and 1.2 of the cumulative pan evaporation, CPE). The split units were assigned for irrigation manners (all furrows and alternative furrows). Sub split plots were occupied by K levels (25, 50 and 75 Kg K2O/ fed). All the experimental treatments were randomly distributed on the respective plots. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) values under alternative furrow irrigation treatments (5215 m3 ) were less than that under all irrigated furrow treatments (5764 m3 ) regardless to the effect of irrigation regime or potassium fertilization. The amounts of applied water were 3592.50, 4979.39 and 8134.33 m3 / fed for irrigation regime (CPE) of 0.8, 1 and 1.2, respectively. Irrigation efficiency (IE) was decreased as the percentage of soil moisture depletion increased (at 0.8 CPE). Normal irrigation with 1.2 CPE at 75 Kg K2O/ fed achieved the highest value of IE (86.16%) while the lowest value (57.52%) was recorded at normal irrigation with 0.8 CPE and 50 Kg K2O/ fed. The best treatment was alternative irrigated furrow at 1 CPE when fertilized by 75 Kg K2O / fed since it realized the highest CWUE (8.86 Kg cane /m3 and 1.1 Kg sugar/m3 ). Cane yield as well as juice purity and sugar concentration declined, resulting in decreased sugar yield as irrigation intervals was increased. Also, cane yield and its quality was increased by increasing potassium fertilization level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Egyptian government and the private sector in Aswan are interested in developing Aswan governorate, which represents a large future sustainable zone for different types of land use including agricultural, urbanization, wastewater disposal, landfill and industrial sites. The governorate area is about 62726 km². However, the inhabited area does not exceed 2%. The current study focus on the analysis of the land use changes in the area since 1986 till 2003, by using modern techniques, which include RS data and GIS programs. The results showed that there were obvious changes in land use in the study area of 46382.25 km², since 1986 till 2003 where it was found a lack of arable land as much as 445.25 km² (0.96% of the study area) and a shortage of the desert lands as far as 1752.86 km² (3.78%). On the other hand, the urbanized area increased by 2571.39 km² (5.54%). These lands were utilized for building and other activities. The results also showed that although the reclaimed area increased but the old agricultural land changed to other uses such as building construction and other activities. This was clarified by producing maps showing the changes in land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]