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We present the stellar mass (M∗)gas-phase metallicity relation (MZR) and its scatter at intermediate redshifts (0.5 ≤ z ≤ 0.7) for 1381 field galaxies collected from deep spectroscopic surveys. The star formation rate (SFR) and color at a given M∗ of this magnitude-limited (R ≳ 24 AB) sample are representative of normal starforming galaxies. For masses below 109 Mo, our sample of 237 galaxies is ∼10 times larger than those in previous studies beyond the local universe. This huge gain in sample size enables superior constraints on the MZR and its scatter in the low-mass regime. We find a power-law MZR at 108 Mo < M∗ < 1011 Mo: 12 + log (O/H) = (5.83 ± 0.19) +(0.30 ± 0.02) log (M∗/Mo). At 109 Mo < M∗ < 1010.5 Mo, our MZR shows agreement with others measured at similar redshifts in the literature. Our power-law slope is, however, shallower than the extrapolation of the MZRs of others to masses below 109 Mo. The SFR dependence of the MZR in our sample is weaker than that found for local galaxies (known as the fundamental metallicity relation). Compared to a variety of theoretical models, the slope of our MZR for low-mass galaxies agrees well with predictions incorporating supernova energy-driven winds. Being robust against currently uncertain metallicity calibrations, the scatter of the MZR serves as a powerful diagnostic of the stochastic history of gas accretion, gas recycling, and star formation of low-mass galaxies. Our major result is that the scatter of our MZR increases as Mo decreases. Our result implies that either the scatter of the baryonic accretion rate (δṀ? ) or the scatter of the M∗-Mhalo relation (δSHMR) increases as M∗ decreases. Moreover, our measure of scatter at z = 0.7 appears consistent with that found for local galaxies. This lack of redshift evolution constrains models of galaxy evolution to have both δṀ and δSHMR remain unchanged from z = 0.7 to z = 0.

We present a catalog of about 25,000 images of massive (M ⋆ ≥ 109 M ⊙) galaxies at redshifts 3 ≤ z ≤ 6 from the TNG50 cosmological simulation, tailored for observations at multiple wavelengths carried out with JWST. The synthetic images were created with the SKIRT radiative transfer code, including the effects of dust attenuation and scattering. The noiseless images were processed with the mirage simulator to mimic the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) observational strategy (e.g., noise, dithering pattern, etc.) of the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. In this paper, we analyse the predictions of the TNG50 simulation for the size evolution of galaxies at 3 ≤ z ≤ 6 and the expectations for CEERS to probe that evolution. In particular, we investigate how sizes depend on the wavelength, redshift, mass, and angular resolution of the images. We find that the effective radius accurately describes the three-dimensional half-mass–radius of the TNG50 galaxies. Sizes observed at 2 μ m are consistent with those measured at 3.56 μ m at all redshifts and masses. At all masses, the population of higher- z galaxies is more compact than their lower- z counterparts. However, the intrinsic sizes are smaller than the mock observed sizes for the most massive galaxies, especially at z ≲ 4. This discrepancy between the mass and light distributions may point to a transition in the galaxy morphology at z = 4–5, where massive compact systems start to develop more extended stellar structures. 2222 Data publicly released at https://www.tng-project.org/costantin22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Cosmic Assembly Deep Near-infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey data to study the relationship between quenching and the stellar mass surface density within the central radius of 1 kpc (Σ1) of low-mass galaxies (stellar mass M* ≲ 109.5M⊙) at 0.5 ≤ z < 1.5. Our sample is mass complete down to ∼109M⊙ at 0.5 ≤ z < 1.0. We compare the mean Σ1 of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and quenched galaxies (QGs) at the same redshift and M*. We find that low-mass QGs have a higher Σ1 than low-mass SFGs, similar to galaxies above 1010M⊙. The difference of Σ1 between QGs and SFGs increases slightly with M* at M* ≲ 1010M⊙ and decreases with M* at M* ≳ 1010M⊙. The turnover mass is consistent with the mass where quenching mechanisms transition from internal to environmental quenching. At 0.5 ≤ z < 1.0, we find that Σ1 of galaxies increases by about 0.25 dex in the green valley (i.e., the transition region from star forming to fully quenched), regardless of their M*. Using the observed specific star formation rate gradient in the literature as a constraint, we estimate that the quenching timescale (i.e., time spent in the transition) of low-mass galaxies is a few (∼4) Gyr at 0.5 ≤ z < 1.0. The mechanisms responsible for quenching need to gradually quench star formation in an outside-in way, i.e., preferentially ceasing star formation in outskirts of galaxies while maintaining their central star formation to increase Σ1. An interesting and intriguing result is the similarity of the growth of Σ1 in the green valley between low-mass and massive galaxies, which suggests that the role of internal processes in quenching low-mass galaxies is a question worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an ALMA 1.3 mm (Band 6) continuum survey of lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z = 1.0 to ∼3.2 with an angular resolution of ∼0.″2. These galaxies were uncovered by the Herschel Lensing Survey and feature exceptionally bright far-infrared continuum emission (Speak ≳ 90 mJy) owing to their lensing magnification. We detect 29 sources in 20 fields of massive galaxy clusters with ALMA. Using both the Spitzer/IRAC (3.6/4.5 μm) and ALMA data, we have successfully modeled the surface brightness profiles of 26 sources in the rest-frame near- and far-infrared. Similar to previous studies, we find the median dust-to-stellar continuum size ratio to be small (Re,dust/Re,star = 0.38 ± 0.14) for the observed SMGs, indicating that star formation is centrally concentrated. This is, however, not the case for two spatially extended main-sequence SMGs with a low surface brightness at 1.3 mm (≲0.1 mJy arcsec−2), in which the star formation is distributed over the entire galaxy (Re,dust/Re,star > 1). As a whole, our SMG sample shows a tight anticorrelation between (Re,dust/Re,star) and far-infrared surface brightness (ΣIR) over a factor of ≃1000 in ΣIR. This indicates that SMGs with less vigorous star formation (i.e., lower ΣIR) lack central starburst and are likely to retain a broader spatial distribution of star formation over the whole galaxies (i.e., larger Re,dust/Re,star). The same trend can be reproduced with cosmological simulations as a result of central starburst and potentially subsequent "inside-out" quenching, which likely accounts for the emergence of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The James Webb Space Telescope MIRI instrument will revolutionize extragalactic astronomy with unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution in mid-IR. Here we assess the potential of MIRI photometry to constrain galaxy properties in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. We derive estimated MIRI fluxes from the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of real sources that fall in a planned MIRI pointing. We also obtain MIRI fluxes for hypothetical active galactic nucleus (AGN)–galaxy mixed models varying the AGN fractional contribution to the total IR luminosity (fracAGN). Based on these model fluxes, we simulate CEERS imaging (3.6 hr exposure) in six bands from F770W to F2100W using mirisim and reduce these data using jwst pipeline. We perform point-spread-function-matched photometry with tphot and fit the source SEDs with x-cigale , simultaneously modeling photometric redshift and other physical properties. Adding the MIRI data, the accuracy of both redshift and fracAGN is generally improved by factors of ≳2 for all sources at z ≲ 3. Notably, for pure-galaxy inputs (fracAGN = 0), the accuracy of fracAGN is improved by ∼100 times thanks to MIRI. The simulated CEERS MIRI data are slightly more sensitive to AGN detections than the deepest X-ray survey, based on the empirical LX–L6 μm relation. Like X-ray observations, MIRI can also be used to constrain the AGN accretion power (accuracy ≈0.3 dex). Our work demonstrates that MIRI will be able to place strong constraints on the mid-IR luminosities from star formation and AGNs and thereby facilitate studies of the galaxy/AGN coevolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Spitzer Space Telescope and Herschel Space Observatory, we have conducted a survey of IR galaxies in the field of the galaxy cluster AS1063 at z = 0.347, which is one of the most massive clusters known and a target of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble and the Frontier Field surveys. The Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm and Herschel/PACS and SPIRE images revealed that the core of AS1063 is surprisingly devoid of IR sources, showing only a few detectable sources within the central r ∼ 1′. There is, however, one particularly bright source (2.3 mJy at 24 μm; 106 mJy at 160 μm), which corresponds to a background galaxy at z = 0.61. The modest magnification factor (4.0×) implies that this galaxy is intrinsically IR luminous (). What is particularly interesting about this galaxy is that HST optical/near-IR images show a remarkably bright and large (1 kpc) clump at one edge of the disk. Our follow-up optical/near-IR spectroscopy shows Balmer (Hα–H8) and forbidden emission from this clump ([O ii ] λ3727, [O iii ] λλ4959,5007, [N ii ] λλ6548,6583), indicating that it is an H ii region. The H ii region appears to have formed in situ, as kinematically it is part of a rotating disk, and there is no evidence of nearby interacting galaxies. With an extinction correction of mag, the star formation rate of this giant H ii region is ∼10 M⊙ yr−1, which is exceptionally large, even for high-redshift H ii regions. Such a large and luminous H ii region is often seen at z ∼ 2 but is quite rare in the nearby universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate estimating the total infrared luminosity, L(TIR), and star formation rates (SFRs) of star-forming galaxies at redshift 0 < z < 2.8 from single-band 24σm observations, using local spectral energy distribution (SED) templates without introducing additional free parameters. Our method is based on characterizing the SEDs of galaxies as a function of their L(TIR) surface density, which is motivated by the indications that the majority of IR luminous star-forming galaxies at 1 < z < 3 have extended star-forming regions, in contrast to the strongly nuclear concentrated, merger-induced starbursts in local luminous and ultraluminous IR galaxies. We validate our procedure for estimating L(TIR) by comparing the resulting L(TIR) with those measured from far-IR observations, such as those from Herschel in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDFS) and Hubble Deep Field North (HDFN), as well as L(TIR) measured from stacked far-IR observations at redshift 0 < z < 2.8. Active galactic nuclei were excluded using X-ray and 3.6-8.0σm observations, which are generally available in deep cosmological survey fields. The Gaussian fits to the distribution of the discrepancies between the L(TIR) measurements from single-band 24σm and Herschel observations in the ECDFS and HDFN samples have σ < 0.1 dex, with ~10% of objects disagreeing by more than 0.2 dex. Since the 24σm estimates are based on SEDs for extended galaxies, this agreement suggests that ~90% of IR galaxies at high z are indeed much more physically extended than local counterparts of similar L(TIR), consistent with recent independent studies of the fractions of galaxies forming stars in the main-sequence and starburst modes, respectively. Because we have not introduced empirical corrections to enhance these estimates, in principle, our method should be applicable to lower luminosity galaxies. This will enable use of the 21σm band of the Mid-Infrared Instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope to provide an extremely sensitive tracer of obscured SFR in individual star-forming galaxies across the peak of the cosmic star formation history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combine high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 images with multi-wavelength photometry to track the evolution of structure and activity of massive (M" > 1010M☉) galaxies at redshifts z = 1.4-3 in two fields of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. We detect compact, star-forming galaxies (cSFGs) whose number densities, masses, sizes, and star formation rates (SFRs) qualify them as likely progenitors of compact, quiescent, massive galaxies (cQGs) at z = 1.5-3. At z ≳ 2, cSFGs present SFR = 100-200M☉ yr-1, yet their specific star formation rates (sSFR ~ 10-9 yr-1) are typically half that of other massive SFGs at the same epoch, and host X-ray luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs) 30 times (~30%) more frequently. These properties suggest that cSFGs are formed by gas-rich processes (mergers or disk-instabilities) that induce a compact starburst and feed an AGN, which, in turn, quench the star formation on dynamical timescales (few 108 yr). The cSFGs are continuously being formed at z = 2-3 and fade to cQGs down to z ~ 1.5. After this epoch, cSFGs are rare, thereby truncating the formation of new cQGs. Meanwhile, down to z = 1, existing cQGs continue to enlarge to match local QGs in size, while less-gas-rich mergers and other secular mechanisms shepherd (larger) SFGs as later arrivals to the red sequence. In summary, we propose two evolutionary tracks of QG formation: an early (z ≳ 2), formation path of rapidly quenched cSFGs fading into cQGs that later enlarge within the quiescent phase, and a late-arrival (z ≳ 2) path in which larger SFGs form extended QGs without passing through a compact state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present far-infrared (FIR) analysis of 68 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) at 0.08 < z < 1.0. Deriving total infrared luminosities directly from Spitzer and Herschel photometry spanning the peak of the dust component (24-500μm), we calculate the obscured star formation rate (SFR). 22-5.3+6.2% of the BCGs are detected in the far-infrared, with SFR = 1-150 M ⊙ yr-1. The infrared luminosity is highly correlated with cluster X-ray gas cooling times for cool-core clusters (gas cooling time <1 Gyr), strongly suggesting that the star formation in these BCGs is influenced by the cluster-scale cooling process. The occurrence of the molecular gas tracing Hα emission is also correlated with obscured star formation. For all but the most luminous BCGs (LTIR > 2 x 1011 L ⊙), only a small (≾ 0.4 mag) reddening correction is required for SFR(Hα) to agree with SFRFIR. The relatively low Hα extinction (dust obscuration), compared to values reported for the general star-forming population, lends further weight to an alternate (external) origin for the cold gas. Finally, we use a stacking analysis of non-cool-core clusters to show that the majority of the fuel for star formation in the FIR-bright BCGs is unlikely to originate from normal stellar mass loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we analyze the physical properties of a sample of 153 star-forming galaxies at z ~ 0.84, selected by their Ha flux with a narrowband filter. B-band luminosities of the objects are higher than those of local star-forming galaxies. Most of the galaxies are located in the blue cloud, though some objects are detected in the green valley and in the red sequence. After the extinction correction is applied, virtually all these red galaxies move to the blue sequence, unveiling their dusty nature. A check on the extinction law reveals that the typical extinction law for local starbursts is well suited for our sample but with E(B - V)stars = 0.55 E(B - V)gas. We compare star formation rates (SFRs) measured with different tracers (Hα, far-ultraviolet, and infrared), finding that they agree within a factor of three after extinction correction. We find a correlation between the ratios SFRFUV/SFRHα, SFRIR/SFRHα, and the EW(Hα) (i.e., weighted age), which accounts for part of the scatter. We obtain stellar mass estimations by fitting templates to multi-wavelength photometry. The typical stellar mass of a galaxy within our sample is ~1010 M⊙. The SFR is correlated with stellar mass and the specific SFR decreases with it, indicating that massive galaxies are less affected by star formation processes than less massive ones. This result is consistent with the downsizing scenario. To quantify this downsizing we estimated the quenching mass MQ for our sample at z ~ 0.84, finding that it declines from MQ ~ 1012 M⊙ at z ~ 0.84 to MQ ~, 8 x 1010 M⊙ at the local universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present high-fidelity, 30 mas (200 pc) resolution ALMA rest-frame 240 μm observations of cold dust emission in three typical main-sequence star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at z ∼ 3 in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF). The cold dust is distributed within the smooth disklike central regions of star formation 1–3 kpc in diameter, despite their complex and disturbed rest-frame UV and optical morphologies. No dust substructures or clumps are seen down to ≃1–3 yr−1 (1σ) per 200 pc beam. No dust emission is observed at the locations of UV-emitting clumps, which lie ≃2–10 kpc from the bulk of star formation. Clumpy substructures can contribute no more than 1%–7% of the total star formation in these galaxies (3σ upper limits). The lack of star-forming substructures in our HUDF galaxies is to be contrasted with the multiple substructures characteristic of submillimeter-selected galaxies (SMGs) at the same cosmic epoch, particularly the far-IR-bright SMGs with similarly high-fidelity ALMA observations of Hodge et al. Individual star-forming substructures in these SMGs contain ∼10%–30% of their total star formation. A substructure in these SMGs is often comparably bright in the far-infrared to (or in some cases brighter than) our typical SFGs, suggesting that these SMGs originate from a class of disruptive events involving multiple objects at the scale of our HUDF galaxies. The scale of the disruptive event found in our main-sequence SFGs, characterized by the lack of star-forming substructures at our resolution and sensitivity, could be less violent, e.g., gas-rich disk instability or minor mergers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a sample of 33 Balmer break galaxies (BBGs) selected as Hubble Space Telescope/F160W dropouts in the deepest CANDELS/GOODS fields (H ≳ 27.3 mag) but relatively bright in Spitzer/IRAC ([3.6], [4.5] < 24.5 mag), implying red colors (median and quartiles: ). Half of these BBGs are newly identified sources. Our BBGs are massive (), high-redshift (), dusty () galaxies. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of half of our sample indicate that they are star-forming galaxies with typical specific star formation rates (SFRs) of 0.5–1.0 Gyr−1, qualifying them as main-sequence (MS) galaxies at 3 < z < 6. One-third of these SEDs indicate the presence of prominent emission lines (Hβ + [O iii], Hα + [N ii]) boosting the IRAC fluxes and red colors. Approximately 20% of the BBGs are very dusty (A(V) ∼ 2.5 mag) starbursts with strong mid-to-far-infrared detections and extreme SFRs (SFR > 103M☉ yr−1) that place them above the MS. The rest, 30%, are post-starbursts or quiescent galaxies located >2σ below the MS with mass-weighted ages older than 700 Myr. Only two of the 33 galaxies are X-ray-detected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with optical/near-infrared SEDs dominated by stellar emission, but the presence of obscured AGNs in the rest of the sources cannot be discarded. Our sample accounts for 8% of the total number density of galaxies at z > 3, but it is a significant contributor (30%) to the general population of red galaxies at 4 < z < 6. Finally, our results point out that one of every 30 massive galaxies in the local universe was assembled in the first 1.5 Gyr after the big bang, a fraction that is not reproduced by state-of-the-art galaxy formation simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galaxy mergers are expected to have a significant role in the mass assembly of galaxies in the early universe, but there are very few observational constraints on the merger history of galaxies at z > 2. We present the first study of galaxy major mergers (mass ratios <1:4) in mass-selected samples out to z ≈ 6. Using all five fields of the Hubble Space Telescope/CANDELS survey and a probabilistic pair-count methodology that incorporates the full photometric redshift posteriors and corrections for stellar mass completeness, we measure galaxy pair-counts for projected separations between 5 and 30 kpc in stellar mass selected samples at 9.7 < log10(M⋆/M⊙) < 10.3 and log10(M⋆/M⊙) > 10.3. We find that the major merger pair fraction rises with redshift to z ≈ 6 proportional to (1 + z)m, with m = 0.8 ± 0.2 (m = 1.8 ± 0.2) for log10(M⋆/M⊙) > 10.3 (9.7 < log10(M⋆/M⊙) < 10.3). Investigating the pair fraction as a function of mass ratio between 1:20 and 1:1, we find no evidence for a strong evolution in the relative numbers of minor to major mergers out to z < 3. Using evolving merger timescales, we find that the merger rate per galaxy () rises rapidly from 0.07 ± 0.01 Gyr−1 at z < 1 to 7.6 ± 2.7 Gyr−1 at z = 6 for galaxies at log10(M⋆/M⊙) > 10.3. The corresponding comoving major merger rate density remains roughly constant during this time, with rates of Γ ≈ 10−4 Gyr−1 Mpc−3. Based on the observed merger rates per galaxy, we infer specific mass accretion rates from major mergers that are comparable to the specific star formation rates for the same mass galaxies at z > 3 - observational evidence that mergers are as important a mechanism for building up mass at high redshift as in situ star formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At intermediate and high redshifts, measurements of galaxy star formation rates are usually based on rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) data. A correction for dust attenuation, AUV, is needed for these measurements. This correction is typically inferred from UV spectral slopes (β) using an equation known as “Meurer’s Relation.” In this paper, we study this relation at a redshift of 1.5 using images and photometric measurements in the rest-frame UV (HST) through mid-infrared (Spitzer). It is shown that massive star-forming galaxies (above ) have dust corrections that are dependent on their inclination to the line of sight. Edge-on galaxies have higher AUV and infrared excess (IRX = L(IR)/L(UV)) than face-on galaxies at a given β. Interestingly, dust corrections for low-mass star-forming galaxies do not depend on inclination. This is likely because more massive galaxies have more disk-like shapes/kinematics, while low-mass galaxies are more prolate and have more disturbed kinematics. To account for an inclination-dependent dust correction, a modified Meurer’s Relation is derived: , where b/a is the galaxy axis ratio. This inclination dependence of AUV can be explained by a two-component model of the dust distribution inside galaxies. In such a model, the dust attenuation of edge-on galaxies has a higher contribution from a mixture component (dust uniformly mixed with stars in the diffuse interstellar medium), and a lower contribution from a birth cloud component (near-spherical dust shells surrounding young stars in H ii regions) than that of face-on galaxies. The difference is caused by the larger path lengths through disks at higher inclinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying giant star-forming clumps in distant galaxies is important to understand galaxy formation and evolution. At present, however, observers and theorists have not reached a consensus on whether the observed “clumps” in distant galaxies are the same phenomenon that is seen in simulations. In this paper, as a step to establish a benchmark of direct comparisons between observations and theories, we publish a sample of clumps constructed to represent the commonly observed “clumps” in the literature. This sample contains 3193 clumps detected from 1270 galaxies at . The clumps are detected from rest-frame UV images, as described in our previous paper. Their physical properties (e.g., rest-frame color, stellar mass (), star formation rate (SFR), age, and dust extinction) are measured by fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) to synthetic stellar population models. We carefully test the procedures of measuring clump properties, especially the method of subtracting background fluxes from the diffuse component of galaxies. With our fiducial background subtraction, we find a radial clump U − V color variation, where clumps close to galactic centers are redder than those in outskirts. The slope of the color gradient (clump color as a function of their galactocentric distance scaled by the semimajor axis of galaxies) changes with redshift and of the host galaxies: at a fixed , the slope becomes steeper toward low redshift, and at a fixed redshift, it becomes slightly steeper with . Based on our SED fitting, this observed color gradient can be explained by a combination of a negative age gradient, a negative E(B − V) gradient, and a positive specific SFR gradient of the clumps. We also find that the color gradients of clumps are steeper than those of intra-clump regions. Correspondingly, the radial gradients of the derived physical properties of clumps are different from those of the diffuse component or intra-clump regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the properties of a multiply imaged Lyα (Lyα) emitter at z = 5.75 identified through SHARDS Frontier Fields intermediate-band imaging of the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) cluster Abell 370. The source, A370-L57, has low intrinsic luminosity (MUV ∼ −16.5), steep UV spectral index (β = −2.4 ± 0.1), and extreme rest-frame equivalent width of Lyα ( Å). Two different gravitational lens models predict high magnification (μ ∼ 10–16) for the two detected counterimages, separated by 7″, while a predicted third counterimage (μ ∼ 3–4) is undetected. We find differences of ∼50% in magnification between the two lens models, quantifying our current systematic uncertainties. Integral field spectroscopy of A370-L57 with MUSE shows a narrow (FWHM = 204 ± 10 km s−1) and asymmetric Lyα profile with an integrated luminosity L(Lyα) ∼ 1042 erg s−1. The morphology in the Hubble Space Telescope bands comprises a compact clump (re < 100 pc) that dominates the Lyα and continuum emission and several fainter clumps at projected distances ≲1 kpc that coincide with an extension of the Lyα emission in the SHARDS F823W17 and MUSE observations. The latter could be part of the same galaxy or an interacting companion. We find no evidence of a contribution from active galactic nuclei to the Lyα emission. Fitting of the spectral energy distribution with stellar population models favors a very young (t < 10 Myr), low-mass (), and metal-poor (Z ≲ 4 × 10−3) stellar population. Its modest star formation rate (SFR ∼ 1.0 yr−1) implies high specific SFR (sSFR ∼ 2.5 × 10−7 yr−1) and SFR density ( yr−1 kpc−2). The properties of A370-L57 make it a good representative of the population of galaxies responsible for cosmic reionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bulk of the stellar growth over cosmic time is dominated by IR-luminous galaxies at cosmic noon (), many of which harbor a hidden active galactic nucleus (AGN). We use state-of-the-art infrared color diagnostics, combining Spitzer and Herschel observations, to separate dust-obscured AGNs from dusty star-forming galaxies (SFGs) in the CANDELS and COSMOS surveys. We calculate 24 μm counts of SFGs, AGN/star-forming “Composites,” and AGNs. AGNs and Composites dominate the counts above 0.8 mJy at 24 μm, and Composites form at least 25% of an IR sample even to faint detection limits. We develop methods to use the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on JWST to identify dust-obscured AGNs and Composite galaxies from . With the sensitivity and spacing of MIRI filters, we will detect >4 times as many AGN hosts as with Spitzer/IRAC criteria. Any star formation rates based on the 7.7 μm PAH feature (likely to be applied to MIRI photometry) must be corrected for the contribution of the AGN, or the star formation rate will be overestimated by ∼35% for cases where the AGN provides half the IR luminosity and ∼50% when the AGN accounts for 90% of the luminosity. Finally, we demonstrate that our MIRI color technique can select AGNs with an Eddington ratio of and will identify AGN hosts with a higher specific star formation rate than X-ray techniques alone. JWST/MIRI will enable critical steps forward in identifying and understanding dust-obscured AGNs and the link to their host galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the evolution of the scaling relations that compare the effective density () and core density ( kpc) to the stellar masses of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and quiescent galaxies. These relations have been fully in place since and have exhibited almost constant slope and scatter since that time. For SFGs, the zero points in and decline by only . This fact plus the narrowness of the relations suggests that galaxies could evolve roughly along the scaling relations. Quiescent galaxies follow different scaling relations that are offset to higher densities at the same mass and redshift. Furthermore, the zero point of their core density has declined by only since , while the zero point of the effective density declines by . When galaxies quench, they move from the star-forming relations to the quiescent relations. This involves an increase in the core and effective densities, which suggests that SFGs could experience a phase of significant core growth relative to the average evolution along the structural relations. The distribution of massive galaxies relative to the SFR–M and the quiescent relations exhibits an L-shape that is independent of redshift. The knee of this relation consists of a subset of “compact” SFGs that are the most likely precursors of quiescent galaxies forming at later times. The compactness selection threshold in exhibits a small variation from z = 3 to 0.5, M⊙ kpc−2, allowing the most efficient identification of compact SFGs and quiescent galaxies at every redshift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive relations between the effective radii Reff of galaxies and the virial radii R200c of their dark matter halos over the redshift range 0 < z < 3. For galaxies, we use the measured sizes from deep images taken with Hubble Space Telescope for the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey; for halos, we use the inferred sizes from abundance matching to cosmological dark matter simulations via a stellar mass–halo mass (SMHM) relation. For this purpose, we derive a new SMHM relation based on the same selection criteria and other assumptions as for our sample of galaxies with size measurements. As a check on the robustness of our results, we also derive Reff–R200c relations for three independent SMHM relations from the literature. We find that galaxy Reff is proportional on average to halo R200c, confirming and extending to high redshifts the z = 0 results of Kravtsov. Late-type galaxies (with low Sérsic index and high specific star formation rate (sSFR)) follow a linear Reff–R200c relation, with effective radii at 0.5 < z < 3 close to those predicted by simple models of disk formation; at z < 0.5, the sizes of late-type galaxies appear to be slightly below this prediction. Early-type galaxies (with high Sérsic index and low sSFR) follow a roughly parallel Reff–R200c relation, ∼0.2–0.3 dex below the one for late-type galaxies. Our observational results, reinforced by recent hydrodynamical simulations, indicate that galaxies grow quasi-homologously with their dark matter halos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the burstiness of star formation histories (SFHs) of galaxies at 0.4 < z < 1 by using the ratio of star formation rates (SFRs) measured from Hβ and FUV (1500 Å) (Hβ-to-FUV ratio). Our sample contains 164 galaxies down to stellar mass (M*) of 108.5M⊙ in the CANDELS GOODS-N region, where Team Keck Redshift Survey Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy and Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 F275W images from CANDELS and Hubble Deep UV Legacy Survey are available. When the ratio of Hβ- and FUV-derived SFRs is measured, dust extinction correction is negligible (except for very dusty galaxies) with the Calzetti attenuation curve. The Hβ-to-FUV ratio of our sample increases with M* and SFR. The median ratio is ∼0.7 at M* ∼ 108.5M⊙ (or SFR ∼ 0.5 M⊙ yr−1) and increases to ∼1 at M* ∼ 1010M⊙ (or SFR ∼ 10 M⊙ yr−1). At M* < 109.5M⊙, our median Hβ-to-FUV ratio is lower than that of local galaxies at the same M*, implying a redshift evolution. Bursty SFH on a timescale of a few tens of megayears on galactic scales provides a plausible explanation for our results, and the importance of the burstiness increases as M* decreases. Due to sample selection effects, our Hβ-to-FUV ratio may be an upper limit of the true value of a complete sample, which strengthens our conclusions. Other models, e.g., non-universal initial mass function or stochastic star formation on star cluster scales, are unable to plausibly explain our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust attenuation affects nearly all observational aspects of galaxy evolution, yet very little is known about the form of the dust-attenuation law in the distant universe. Here, we model the spectral energy distributions of galaxies at z ∼ 1.5–3 from CANDELS with rest-frame UV to near-IR imaging under different assumptions about the dust law, and compare the amount of inferred attenuated light with the observed infrared (IR) luminosities. Some individual galaxies show strong Bayesian evidence in preference of one dust law over another, and this preference agrees with their observed location on the plane of infrared excess (IRX, /) and UV slope (β). We generalize the shape of the dust law with an empirical model, where kλ is the dust law of Calzetti et al., and show that there exists a correlation between the color excess and tilt δ with . Galaxies with high color excess have a shallower, starburst-like law, and those with low color excess have a steeper, SMC-like law. Surprisingly, the galaxies in our sample show no correlation between the shape of the dust law and stellar mass, star formation rate, or β. The change in the dust law with color excess is consistent with a model where attenuation is caused by scattering, a mixed star–dust geometry, and/or trends with stellar population age, metallicity, and dust grain size. This rest-frame UV-to-near-IR method shows potential to constrain the dust law at even higher redshifts (). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the stellar mass ()–gas-phase metallicity relation (MZR) and its scatter at intermediate redshifts () for 1381 field galaxies collected from deep spectroscopic surveys. The star formation rate (SFR) and color at a given of this magnitude-limited ( AB) sample are representative of normal star-forming galaxies. For masses below 109 , our sample of 237 galaxies is ∼10 times larger than those in previous studies beyond the local universe. This huge gain in sample size enables superior constraints on the MZR and its scatter in the low-mass regime. We find a power-law MZR at 108 < : . At 109 < , our MZR shows agreement with others measured at similar redshifts in the literature. Our power-law slope is, however, shallower than the extrapolation of the MZRs of others to masses below 109 . The SFR dependence of the MZR in our sample is weaker than that found for local galaxies (known as the fundamental metallicity relation). Compared to a variety of theoretical models, the slope of our MZR for low-mass galaxies agrees well with predictions incorporating supernova energy-driven winds. Being robust against currently uncertain metallicity calibrations, the scatter of the MZR serves as a powerful diagnostic of the stochastic history of gas accretion, gas recycling, and star formation of low-mass galaxies. Our major result is that the scatter of our MZR increases as decreases. Our result implies that either the scatter of the baryonic accretion rate () or the scatter of the – relation () increases as decreases. Moreover, our measure of scatter at appears consistent with that found for local galaxies. This lack of redshift evolution constrains models of galaxy evolution to have both and remain unchanged from to z = 0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present Keck I MOSFIRE spectroscopy in the Y and H bands of GDN-8231, a massive, compact, star-forming galaxy at a redshift of z ∼ 1.7. Its spectrum reveals both Hα and [N ii] emission lines and strong Balmer absorption lines. The Hα and Spitzer MIPS 24 μm fluxes are both weak, thus indicating a low star-formation rate of SFR yr−1. This, added to a relatively young age of ∼700 Myr measured from the absorption lines, provides the first direct evidence for a distant galaxy being caught in the act of rapidly shutting down its star formation. Such quenching allows GDN-8231 to become a compact, quiescent galaxy, similar to three other galaxies in our sample, by z ∼ 1.5. Moreover, the color profile of GDN-8231 shows a bluer center, consistent with the predictions of recent simulations for an early phase of inside-out quenching. Its line-of-sight velocity dispersion for the gas, = 127 ± 32 km s−1, is nearly 40% smaller than that of its stars, = 215 ± 35 km s−1. High-resolution hydro-simulations of galaxies explain such apparently colder gas kinematics of up to a factor of ∼1.5 with rotating disks being viewed at different inclinations and/or centrally concentrated star-forming regions. A clear prediction is that their compact, quiescent descendants preserve some remnant rotation from their star-forming progenitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at intermediate redshifts (z ∼ 1). We combine the ultra-deep optical spectro-photometric data from the Survey for High-z Absorption Red and Dead Sources (SHARDS) with deep UV-to-FIR observations in the GOODS-N field. Exploiting two of the 25 SHARDS medium-band filters, F687W17 and F823W17, we select [O ii] emission line galaxies at z ∼ 0.84 and z ∼ 1.23 and characterize their physical properties. Their rest-frame equivalent widths (EWrf([O ii])), line fluxes, luminosities, star formation rates (SFRs), and dust attenuation properties are investigated. The evolution of EWrf([O ii]) closely follows the SFR density evolution of the universe, with a trend of EWrf([O ii]) (1 + z)3 up to redshift z ≃ 1, followed by a possible flattening. The SF properties of the galaxies selected on the basis of their [O ii] emission are compared with complementary samples of SFGs selected by their MIR and FIR emission, and also with a general mass-selected sample of galaxies at the same redshifts. We demonstrate observationally that the UVJ diagram (or, similarly, a cut in the specific SFR) is only partially able to distinguish the quiescent galaxies from the SFGs. The SFR–M* relation is investigated for the different samples, yielding a logarithmic slope ∼1, in good agreement with previous results. The dust attenuations derived from different SFR indicators (UV(1600), UV(2800), [O ii], IR) are compared and show clear trends with respect to both the stellar mass and total SFR, with more massive and highly star-forming galaxies being affected by stronger dust attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We quantify the morphological evolution of massive galaxies () from in the 5 CANDELS fields. The progenitors are selected using abundance matching techniques to account for the mass growth. At , the population matches the massive end of the Hubble sequence, with 30% of pure spheroids, 50% of galaxies with equally dominant disk and bulge components, and 20% of disks. At however, there is a majority of irregular systems () with still 30% of pure spheroids. We then analyze the stellar populations, star formation rates (SFRs), gas fractions, and structural properties for the different morphologies independently. Our results suggest two distinct channels for the growth of bulges in massive galaxies. Around were already bulges at , with low average SFRs and gas fractions (), high Sérsic indices (), and small effective radii ( kpc), pointing toward an even earlier formation through gas-rich mergers or violent disk instabilities. Between and , they rapidly increase their size by a factor of , are quenched, and slightly increase their Sérsic indices () but their global morphology remains unaltered. The structural evolution is independent of the gas fractions, suggesting that it is driven by ex situ events. The remaining 60% experience a gradual morphological transformation, from clumpy disks to more regular bulge+disk systems, essentially happening at . This results in the growth of a significant bulge component () for 2/3 of the systems, possibly through the migration of clumps, while the remaining 1/3 retain a rather small bulge (). The transition phase between disturbed and relaxed systems and the emergence of the bulge is correlated with a decrease in the star formation activity and the gas fractions, suggesting a morphological quenching process as a plausible mechanism for the formation of these bulges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present Keck-I MOSFIRE near-infrared spectroscopy for a sample of 13 compact star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at redshift 2 ⩽ z ⩽ 2.5 with star formation rates of SFR ∼ 100 M☼ yr–1 and masses of log(M/M☼) ∼10.8. Their high integrated gas velocity dispersions of σint km s–1, as measured from emission lines of Hα and [O III], and the resultant M⋆-σint relation and M⋆-Mdyn all match well to those of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2, as measured from stellar absorption lines. Since log(M⋆/Mdyn) =–0.06 ± 0.2 dex, these compact SFGs appear to be dynamically relaxed and evolved, i.e., depleted in gas and dark matter (<13%), and present larger σint than their non-compact SFG counterparts at the same epoch. Without infusion of external gas, depletion timescales are short, less than ∼300 Myr. This discovery adds another link to our new dynamical chain of evidence that compact SFGs at z ≳ 2 are already losing gas to become the immediate progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies by z ∼ 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the star-forming and structural properties of 45 massive (log(M/M☼) >10) compact star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at 2 < z < 3 to explore whether they are progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2. The optical/NIR and far-IR Spitzer/Herschel colors indicate that most compact SFGs are heavily obscured. Nearly half (47%) host an X-ray-bright active galactic nucleus (AGN). In contrast, only about 10% of other massive galaxies at that time host AGNs. Compact SFGs have centrally concentrated light profiles and spheroidal morphologies similar to quiescent galaxies and are thus strikingly different from other SFGs, which typically are disk-like and sometimes clumpy or irregular. Most compact SFGs lie either within the star formation rate (SFR)-mass main sequence (65%) or below it (30%), on the expected evolutionary path toward quiescent galaxies. These results show conclusively that galaxies become more compact before they lose their gas and dust, quenching star formation. Using extensive HST photometry from CANDELS and grism spectroscopy from the 3D-HST survey, we model their stellar populations with either exponentially declining (τ) star formation histories (SFHs) or physically motivated SFHs drawn from semianalytic models (SAMs). SAMs predict longer formation timescales and older ages ∼2 Gyr, which are nearly twice as old as the estimates of the τ models. Both models yield good spectral energy distribution fits, indicating that the systematic uncertainty in the age due to degeneracies in the SFH is of that order of magnitude. However, SAM SFHs better match the observed slope and zero point of the SFR-mass main sequence. Contrary to expectations, some low-mass compact SFGs (log(M/M☼) =10-10.6) have younger ages but lower specific SFRs than that of more massive galaxies, suggesting that the low-mass galaxies reach the red sequence faster. If the progenitors of compact SFGs are extended SFGs, state-of-the-art SAMs show that mergers and disk instabilities (DIs) are both able to shrink galaxies, but DIs are more frequent (60% versus 40%) and form more concentrated galaxies. We confirm this result via high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using far-infrared imaging from the “Herschel Lensing Survey,” we derive dust properties of spectroscopically confirmed cluster member galaxies within two massive systems at z ∼ 0.3: the merging Bullet Cluster and the more relaxed MS2137.3-2353. Most star-forming cluster sources (∼90%) have characteristic dust temperatures similar to local field galaxies of comparable infrared (IR) luminosity (Tdust ∼ 30 K). Several sub-luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG; LIR < 1011L☼) Bullet Cluster members are much warmer (Tdust > 37 K) with far-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) shapes resembling LIRG-type local templates. X-ray and mid-infrared data suggest that obscured active galactic nuclei do not contribute significantly to the infrared flux of these “warm dust” galaxies. Sources of comparable IR luminosity and dust temperature are not observed in the relaxed cluster MS2137, although the significance is too low to speculate on an origin involving recent cluster merging. “Warm dust” galaxies are, however, statistically rarer in field samples (>3σ), indicating that the responsible mechanism may relate to the dense environment. The spatial distribution of these sources is similar to the whole far-infrared bright population, i.e., preferentially located in the cluster periphery, although the galaxy hosts tend toward lower stellar masses (M* < 1010M☼). We propose dust stripping and heating processes which could be responsible for the unusually warm characteristic dust temperatures. A normal star-forming galaxy would need 30%-50% of its dust removed (preferentially stripped from the outer reaches, where dust is typically cooler) to recover an SED similar to a “warm dust” galaxy. These progenitors would not require a higher IR luminosity or dust mass than the currently observed normal star-forming population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an analysis of the full bidimensional optical spectral cube of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5668, observed with the Pmas fiber PAcK Integral Field Unit (IFU) at the Calar Alto observatory 3.5 m telescope. We make use of broadband imaging to provide further constraints on the evolutionary history of the galaxy. This data set will allow us to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that drive the evolution of disks. We investigated the properties of 62 H II regions and concentric rings in NGC 5668 and derived maps in ionized-gas attenuation and chemical (oxygen) abundances. We find that while inward of r ∼36″ ∼ 4.4 kpc ∼ 0.36 (D25/2) the derived O/H ratio follows the radial gradient typical of spiral galaxies, the abundance gradient beyond r ∼ 36″ flattens out. The analysis of the multi-wavelength surface brightness profiles of NGC 5668 is performed by fitting these profiles with those predicted by chemo-spectrophotometric evolutionary models of galaxy disks. From this, we infer a spin and circular velocity of λ = 0.053 and vc = 167 km s–1, respectively. The metallicity gradient and rotation curve predicted by this best-fitting galaxy model nicely match the values derived from the IFU observations, especially within r ∼36″. The same is true for the colors despite some small offsets and a reddening in the bluest colors beyond that radius. On the other hand, deviations of some of these properties in the outer disk indicate that a secondary mechanism, possibly gas transfer induced by the presence of a young bar, must have played a role in shaping the recent chemical and star formation histories of NGC 5668. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]