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The DN method, referred to a gas chromatography (GC) method uses dinitrogen as a carrier gas, in combination with opaque static chamber, was widely used to measure grassland nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes. However the N 2 O fluxes were positively biased by this method, as compared to the other GC methods. Currently, no study was conducted through simultaneous measurements of N 2 O fluxes by DN and other GC methods to correct the biased fluxes by the DN-based opaque static chamber measurement in grasslands. For this purpose, DN and DN-CO 2 methods (dinitrogen is also used as a carrier gas, and carbon dioxide as a make-up gas), both in combination with opaque static chambers, were compared through paired measurements in alpine pastures, including meadow as grazed pasture (MGP), ungrazed meadow (UGM), zokor mounds in meadow (ZMM), dung patches in meadow (DPM) and peat wetland as pasture (PWP). The DN method resulted in N 2 O fluxes about 11.1, 12.1 and 7.5 times higher (p < 0.05) in MGP, UGM and ZMM, respectively, while there was no significant difference between the two methods in DPM or PWP. All the paired fluxes with DN-CO 2 measurements >15 μg N m−2 h−1 showed positive correlations between the N 2 O fluxes measured by the two methods (p < 0.0001), whereas the other measurements showed a negative linear correlation of flux differences between the two methods versus DN-measured fluxes (p < 0.0001). We further developed correction approaches for DN-measured fluxes and validated these corrections using the data from this study or those observed previously in different terrestrial ecosystems by other studies. The estimated annual N 2 O emissions from grasslands in China would be reduced from 288.1 to 98.7–142.3 Gg N yr−1 (1 Gg = 109 g) if DN-measured fluxes were corrected using the approaches established in this study. We concluded that the DN method should be replaced by other GC methods or non-GC techniques to measure N 2 O fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, our study provides a valid approach to correct DN-measured N 2 O fluxes from global grasslands. X c denotes corrected DN-measured nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux (μg N m−2 h−1). DN is a widely used gas chromatograph (GC) method that analyzes N 2 O with an electron capture detector (ECD), uses dinitrogen (N 2) as the carrier gas but does not use a make-up gas while not filtering samples using, e.g., ascarite. The correction approaches are established for measurements of DN in combination with opaque static chambers. In b, DN and Non-DN are the N 2 O fluxes obtained by DN and other GC-ECD methods, respectively, in different terrestrial ecosystems as non-hot cases. DN c1 , DN c2 and DN c3 are the DN-measured N 2 O fluxes corrected by (1) a previously developed approach for fertilized croplands, and the approaches established in this study based on (2) instantaneously fluxes and (3) annual and seasonal mean fluxes, respectively. Different capital letters above the bars indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. [Display omitted] • Measurements by DN, a widely used GC method, largely bias N 2 O fluxes of grasslands. • DN should be replaced by non-DN techniques to measure N 2 O emissions from soils. • Approach for correcting bias of DN-measured N 2 O fluxes is developed and validated. • This approach is applicable for correction of DN measurements from grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on air quality in cities in southwest China, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and other online equipments were used to measure the air pollution in Chengdu, one of the megacities in this area, before and during the lockdown period. It was found that the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 38.6%, 77.5%, 47.0%, 35.1% and 14.1%, respectively, while the concentration of ozone (O 3) increased by 57.5% from the time before to the time during lockdown. All particles collected during the study period could be divided into eight categories: biomass burning (BB), coal combustion (CC), vehicle emissions (VE), cooking emissions (CE), Dust, K-nitrate (K–NO 3), K-sulfate (K–SO 4) and K-sulfate-nitrate (K-SN) particles, and their contributions changed significantly after the beginning of lockdown. Compared to before lockdown, the contribution of VE particles experienced the largest reduction (by 14.9%), whereas the contributions of BB and CE particles increased by 7.0% and 7.3%, respectively, during the lockdown period. Regional transmission was critical for pollution formation before lockdown, whereas the pollution that occurred during the lockdown period was caused mainly by locally emitted particles (such as VE, CE and BB particles). Weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) analysis further verified and emphasized the difference in the contribution of regional transmission for pollution formation before and during lockdown. In addition, the potential source area and intensity of the particles emitted from different sources or formation mechanisms were quite different. • Single aerosol particles during the COVID-19 lockdown were measured based on SPAMS. • The lockdown caused reductions in PM 2.5 , NO, NO 2 , SO 2 and CO, while increase in O 3. • Vehicle emission particles decreased the most (by 14.9%) during lockdown period. • Pollution formation mechanism before and during lockdown was completely different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]