1. Modifying effects of temperature on human mortality related to black carbon particulates in Beijing, China.
- Author
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Zhang, Ying, Zhang, Xiaoling, Fan, Xingang, Ni, Changjian, Sun, Zhaobin, Wang, Shigong, Fan, Jin, and Zheng, Canjun
- Subjects
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MORTALITY , *CARBON-black , *TEMPERATURE effect , *PARTICULATE matter , *HIGH temperatures - Abstract
Worldwide epidemiological studies have demonstrated that short-term associations of particulate matter (PM), might be further complicated by ambient temperatures, and increase human mortality. In China, among various PM indices, the health effects of black carbon (BC) are less understood due to the lack of data availability. Additionally, it is unclear how temperature modifies simultaneous and adverse effects of BC, and fine (PM size <2.5 μm; PM 2.5), and coarse particles (PM 2.5-10), on mortality outcomes. We adopted time-series Poisson generalized additive models to investigate temperature modifying effects on the association between three different PMs (BC, PM 2.5 , and PM 2.5-10) and mortality (non-accidental, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality) in Beijing, China, from 2010 to 2016. Average daily BC, PM 2.5 , and PM 2.5-10 concentrations were 4.95, 72.3, and 52.1 μg/m3, respectively, which were all significantly associated with daily mortality. High temperature strongly amplified effects of BC, PM 2.5 , and PM 2.5-10 on human mortality, especially BC effects that were most pronounced at >28 °C. Harmful effects were estimated for increases in non-accidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality per interquartile increments in BC (4.11 μg/m3), PM 2.5 (62.37 μg/m3), and PM 2.5-10 (46.71 μg/m3) concentrations from the moving average of current and previous day (lag01) under high temperature (>28 °C). Mortality increases in non-accidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular categories were 5.12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.79, 5.45), 7.41% (95%CI: 6.42, 8.40), and 6.36% (95%CI: 2.45, 10.3) for BC; 3.85% (95%CI: 3.27, 4.43), 6.64% (95%CI: 5.63, 7.65), and 4.54% (95%CI: 3.31, 5.78) for PM 2.5 ; and 2.56% (95%CI: 1.45, 3.67), 3.41% (95%CI: 1.53, 5.29), and 3.19% (95%CI: 2.44, 3.94), for PM 2.5-10 , respectively. These findings suggest that controlling the emission of ambient particles, especially BC, and improving air quality during summer would substantially benefit population health. Furthermore, BC should be considered as a crucial air quality indicator to reflect PM health risk. Image 1 • To test the synergistic effects of temperature and black carbon (BC) on mortality. • High temperature amplified the harmful effects of BC and PM on mortality. • The modifying effects of temperature on BC were different from that on PMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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