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In this paper, two historical moments in the continual formation of Native American societies are examined: the creation of distinct and bounded 'Indian' societies in the south-eastern colonial United States, and the recent internal differentiation of the Lumbee Indian peoples in North Carolina. Four issues are at stake: the production of difference and inequality within and between Native American societies; the formation and transformation of 'culture' in this context; a re-examination of the concept of class; and the simultaneous production of culture and class among indigenous peoples and perhaps more generally. This leads to a suggestion concerning the problem of hegemony in struggles over inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]