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Main road widening can reduce the clearance of the low-level underpass road, restricting the passage of vehicles and leading to collisions with structures. Therefore, checking the clearance of the underpass road effectively should be considered at the design stage. This paper describes a digital twin approach for checking the clearance of underpass roads in highway widening projects using online map data. The underpass road digital twin and BIM model of the newly widened road based on the existing main road digital twin are created to assist the clearance check and redesign. The proposed method presented a cost-effective clearance check for underpass roads in road widening design without field surveys and was successfully implemented in an underpass road in the UK. In future research, more digital twin methods for overpasses, bridges, tunnels, and traffic safety facilities should be employed comprehensively to assist more road widening applications. • A novel approach is presented to check the underpass road clearance in the road widening project. • A method for building road digital twins from online map data is proposed. • A systematic method for road widening based on the digital twin is proposed. • According to the clearance check, the underpass road can be redesigned to increase the insufficient clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The integration with BIM and AR has the challenges of limited interoperability and complex data formats. • Open-source software and standardized data format are the solutions to overcome these issues. • The proposed architecture also provides various geometry processing and deep learning application. • The architecture was applied to workflow visualization and deformation detection in pipe maintenance. Informed decision-making is crucial for construction site operators. Cyber-physical systems, including various technologies such as augmented reality and building automation tools, are gathering popularity within the infrastructure management sector. However, they are expensive and inaccessible to adopt for most small organizations. This paper describes a prototype of low-cost mobile augmented reality service for BIM and demonstrated its usability for pipe maintenance by supporting inspection, workflow management, data reduction, and augmented reality. User views about the decision support, integration and ease of use of the prototype were also collected from the organisations in the UK and South Korea. The results showed that integrating the augmented reality service with the building automation tool connected to the BIM server enhances decision-making for on-site operations by generating a closed loop. This paper also highlights the need for developing low-cost digital solutions to foster the digitalization of construction organisations with limited budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Twins (DTs) are forecasted to be used in two-thirds of large industrial companies in the next decade. In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector, their actual application is still largely at the prototype stage. Industry and academia are currently reconciling many competing definitions and unclear processes for developing DTs. There is a compelling need to establish DTs as practice in AEC by developing common procedures and standards tailored to the sector's procedures and use cases. This paper proposes a step-by-step workflow process for developing a DT for an existing asset in the built environment, providing a proof-of-concept case study based on the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol (UK). To achieve its aim, this paper (i) reviews the state-of-the-art of DTs in Civil Engineering, (ii) proposes a working DT-based workflow framework for the built environment applicable to existing assets, (iii) applies the framework and develops of the physical-virtual architecture to a case study of bridge management, and finally (iv) discusses insights from the application. The main novelty lies in the development of a versatile methodological framework that can be applied to the broad context of civil infrastructure. This paper's importance resides in the knowledge challenge, value proposition and operation dictated by developing a DT workflow for the built environment, which ultimately represents a relevant use case for the digital transformation of national infrastructure. • This paper reviewed the state-of-the-art of Digital Twins (DTs) in Civil Engineering. • This paper proposes a step-by-step workflow process for DTs. • This paper applied the method for an existing bridge. • This paper presented a preliminary physical-virtual architecture of a bridge DT. • This paper contributes to the knowledge challenge, value proposition and operation dictated by developing a DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate how knowledge acquired from occupants' manual window operations can be implemented into BMS automated window operation algorithms. Ten single-occupant offices were selected in a university building in the UK. More than 28,000 hourly data points on indoor and outdoor temperature and open window area (OWA) were analysed from 2015 to 2020. The BMS had adopted nine different automated window operation algorithms during the 5 years. The automated window algorithms could be manually overridden by the office occupants. Automated algorithms were compared against manual window operations. The results showed that the slope and gradient of the regression lines for occupants' manual window operations are smaller than automated operations. OWA of automated window operations increased 20% per 1 °C increase in indoor temperature, however, occupants opened windows 6–8% per 1 °C increase. Occupants react slower to temperature changes than assumed by BMS, which could be considered in BMS automated window operations. • BMS automated window algorithms operate based on indoor temperature in this study. • Automated window operations by BMS impact occupants' manual window operations. • Occupants open windows at higher temperatures on the third floor than first floor. • BMSs need to consider building-related differences and seasonal changes. • A BMS system architecture is proposed to reduce the behaviour gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated compliance checking brings advantages to the built environment but, currently, there has been no meaningful adoption, despite the increasing maturity of asset information models. This paper addresses this by ascertaining the blockers/obstacles to adoption and develops a road-map to overcome them. This work has been conducted in the UK and a road-map has been produced to drive forward adoption. More specifically this paper has; assessed the current state of the art in the field and engaged with industry to examine the attitudes to the digitisation of regulatory compliance processes. The results showed that industry believes that adoption of automation was both feasible and desirable, with the caveat that human oversight be maintained. Our road-map's methodical list of steps was judged to have the potential to bring the construction industry to the verge of mass industrialisation of automated compliance checking by 2025. • Obstacles to automated compliance checking are technical, commercial and political. • Commercial and political obstacles viewed as most significant. • Wider Industry largely supports the concept of automated compliance checking. • A four-stage roadmap could bring mass adoption of automated compliance checking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highway asset management requires capturing the highway's status. However, the onsite survey of the highway is very costly and time-consuming. This paper presents a novel approach for creating the digital twin of a highway using map data. The digital twin consists of primary highway components, including horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, cross-section, lanes and central reserves. It follows the engineering representation of a highway, which has excellent potential for further application in the field. The proposed approach was tested in a section of the A1(M) motorway in the UK. It requires minimum human input and has very high accuracy. Despite many outliers in the collected map data, the average vertical deviation per square metre between the surface of the generated digital twin and the actual data was at the centimetre level. • A systematic approach is proposed for making the digital twin of a highway based on map data and engineering expertise. • Spatial data for creating the digital twin can be extracted from low-resolution online map data using the proposed method. • An algorithm is developed to fit the horizontal and vertical alignment of a highway. • Outliers in the spatial data of a highway can be identified and removed using the proposed method. • Cross-sections and the overall digital twin of a highway are generated considering various types of highway components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory frameworks associated to building design are usually complex, representing extensive sets of requirements. For healthcare projects in the UK, this includes statutory and guidance documents. Existing research indicates that they contain subjective requirements, which challenge the practical adoption of automated compliance checking, leading to limited outcomes. This paper aims to propose recommendations for the adoption of automated compliance checking in the design of healthcare buildings. Design Science Research was used to gain a detailed understanding of how information from existing regulatory requirements affects automation, through an empirical study in the design of a primary healthcare facility. In this study, a previously proposed taxonomy was implemented and refined, resulting in the identification of different types of subjective requirements. Based on empirical data emerging from the research, a set of recommendations was proposed focusing on the revision of regulatory documents, as well as to aid designers implementing automated compliance in practice. • Automated compliance checking has been approached mostly replacing human operations. • Automation can be easily achieved for quantitative and objective requirements. • Subjectivity is still a fundamental constraint in the automated compliance process. • Requirements subjectivity has been identified as natural or artificial. • Need of multiple automated compliance approaches due to diversity of requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With about 100% increase in rail service usage over the last 20 years, it is pertinent that rail infrastructure continues to function at an optimal level to avoid service disruptions, cancellations or delays due to unforeseen asset breakdown. In an endeavour to propose a strategy for the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) in rail asset maintenance, a qualitative methodology was adopted through a series of focus-group workshops to identify the priority areas and enabling digital technologies for IoT implementation. The methods of data collection included audio recording, note-taking, and concept mapping. The audio records were transcribed and used for thematic analysis, while the concept maps were integrated for conceptual modelling and analysis. This paper presents an implementation strategy for IoT for rail assets maintenance with focus on priority areas such as real-time condition monitoring using IoT sensors, predictive maintenance, remote inspection, and integrated asset data management platform. • Problem areas in rail asset management were assessed. • Opportunities and technological enablers for IoT were discussed by experts. • Core priority areas for IoT implementation in rail asset maintenance were identified. • An implementation strategy was proposed. • Potential practical implications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]