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This study was carried in Banke district trying to explain about what are the likely impacts of climate change on crop production, to what extent these influence crop productivity, how people are responding to them, and what the potential roles of the local government and other development partners are in adaptation efforts in vulnerable sectors in that area. Result showed that farmers perceived the climate change as change in rainfall pattern, rainfall duration, onset of monsoon, and changes in summer and winter hotness and coldness etc. Some farmers realized the change in climate and its impact on their usual farming practices. But, majority of farmers (57.88%) still doesn’t understand about climate change and how to deal with it. Main two problems farmers facing were delayed seed bed preparation and over aged seed transplantation due to delayed rainfall. Among them 79% of them has faced increased disease and pest infestation, 93.33% of them relies on pump for certain time or yearly irrigation, 72.2% of them said to faced decreasing production of rice which resulted in increased cost of production and lowered profit. With the changing climatic pattern there were changes in cropping pattern and cropping calendar along with crop varieties. Some peoples showed different adaption practices but mainly it was change in cropping calendar.

The study was conducted in several place of Chitwan, Nepal from where 90 representative farmers and 20 traders were selected randomly as sample. The farmers were categorized into small, medium and large farm based on land holding size. The finding showed average productivity was maximum in medium size farm. Total cost of banana cultivation per bigha (1.5 bigha = 1 hector) was NRs. 239031 (106 NRs. = $1) excluding land rent. The share of planting material was 12.66%, manure 13.55%, fertilizer 16.49%, micro-nutrient 2.59%, pesticides 10.54%, labor 19.48%, animal/ machine 19.23%, marketing & transport cost 2%, and miscellaneous 3.46%. The average return rate found to be highest in large farm and lowest in small farm. The average profit of banana cultivation found to be NRs. 131902.3 per bigha. The average benefit cost ratio was 1.55 in the study area. Producer–Collector–Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer was the most prevalent marketing channel, through which 94.74% volume was traded. Disease and pest infestation was the major production problem and fluctuation in price for marketing. The average share of banana on annual income for farmers found to be 41.34 %, indicating commercial cultivation in study area.

This study was carried in Banke district with the objective of understanding production and post-harvest activities, marketing and production problem of maize seed producer along with the decision making nature in seed producing households in comparison to non-seed producing households. A total of 65 households were randomly selected as sample which included 36 seed producer and 29 non-seed producing households. The average family size of the study population was 4.64 with 45.4% male and 54.6% female. Adoption of seed production found to be positively related with literacy and extension service. Local market was the largest source (67%) of seed implying poor facility from government agencies. Weeding activity and inspection of field by technician appeared to be very poor and seed testing also appeared inadequate. Lack of technical assistance found to be the most important problem of maize seed production with the index score of 0.77. Better technical support, supply of quality inputs and better irrigation facility appeared to be key for encouraging farmers in seed production. The study households showed male dominance in decision making but male dominance level found to be low in seed producer compared to non-seed producer households. Study showed that for encouraging maize seed producers and enhancing their production and profitability, extension program about business activity, input purchase, improved variety and involvement in training and workshops should be targeted more toward male while credit supply and information about efficient labor use should be prepared targeting both male and female.