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The Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rat lines were selectively bred to show opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion. These animals have provided significant anatomical, physiological, and biochemical data concerning the pathological mechanisms of experimental hypertension. Research is also being conducted to determine the relevance of psychobiological and behavioral variables in these two lines. The rationale for the selection and maintenance of the Dahl model and the physiological, biochemical, and behavioral characteristics which distinguish DS and DR rats are presented. Although originally developed for the study of salt-induced hypertension, special attention is given to the application of this animal model in behavior genetic research, stressing its inherent advantages and limitations. The use of the Dahl model in psychobiological studies and the utility of the model for future behavioral, genetic, and psychophysiological research are also detailed.