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INTRODUCTION[|]Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common type of retinal vascular disorder. Both inflammation and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels play important roles in the pathogenesis of macular edema (ME) secondary to BRVO. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 0.7-mg intravitreal dexamethasone implants with continued anti-VEGF treatment in patients with ME secondary to BRVO who were poor responders to at least 6 previous anti-VEGF injections.[¤]METHODS[|]Patients exhibiting an insufficient response to at least 6 ranibizumab treatments and who subsequently underwent a dexamethasone implant were included Group 1. Patients who were at risk for cataract or glaucoma continued treatment with the same drug and were defined as Group 2. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) changes at month 2, 4, and 6 were measured.[¤]RESULTS[|] Ninety eyes were evaluated. In Group 1, the mean baseline BCVA of 0.71+-0.75 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) improved to 0.53+-0.62 logMAR at month 2 (p

INTRODUCTION[|]The purpose of the study was to compare the refractive error measurements of pediatric patients performed with a Plusoptix A09 photorefractor (PO; Plusoptix AG, Nuremberg, Germany), a Retinomax K-plus 3 (RTX; Right Group, Tokyo, Japan), and the new handheld auto refracto-keratometer, the Nidek HandyRef-K (HDY; Nidek SA, Créteil, France), and to evaluate the intermethods agreement.[¤]METHODS[|]A total of 194 eyes of 194 children were included in the study. All of the children underwent refraction measurement with the PO before cycloplegia and 2 autorefractors were used after cycloplegia: the RTX and the HDY.[¤]RESULTS[|]The mean age of the patients was 16.65+-10.04 months (range: 3-34 months). There were no statistically significant differences between the spherical values (SV) or cylindrical axis values (CAV) measured with the PO (SV: 1.61+-1.79 diopters [D]; CAV: 94.25+-72.47 D), the RTX (SV: 1.91+-2.06 D; CAV: 94.3+-73.44 D), and the HDY (SV: 1.89+-2.04 D; CAV: 93.55+-73.71 D) (p>0.05).There was a statistically significant difference in the cylindrical values (CV) assessed with the RTX (CV: -0.97+-0.75 D) and the HDY (CV: -1.11+-0.76 D) (p=0.003) and the HDY and the PO (CV: -0.92+-0.68 D)(p=0.002), while there was no statistically significant difference between the values determined with the RTX and the PO (p>0.05). Statistically significant differences were demonstrated for spherical equivalent values (SEV) obtained with the RTX (SEV: 1.43+-1.97 D) and the PO (SEV: 1.15+-1.74 D) (p=0.02), and the HDY (SEV: 1.34+-1.95 D) and the PO (p=0.03), but no significant difference was found between the RTX and the HDY values (p>0.05).[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]No significant difference was found between the SEV measured by the RTX and the HDY, but the PO was significantly less hyperopic than the RTX and the HDY. The CV measured by HDY was higher than that of other devices. These devices can be used for screening in crowded pediatric ophthalmology clinics and may be an easier way of measuring refractive errors in children younger than 3 years of age, but high SEV and CV results should serve as an alert to physicians. It should also be kept in mind that cycloplegic retinoscopy is still the gold standard and these alternative methods can only be used for screening. The prescription of eyeglasses should not be made without cycloplegic retinoscopy.[¤]

INTRODUCTION[|]The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes and the rate of epiretinal membrane (ERM) recurrence in eyes that had undergone ERM-internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling surgery at least 6 months earlier.[¤]METHODS[|]The records of 81 eyes of 81 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and ERM-ILM peeling with the diagnosis of idiopathic ERM between January 2015 and January 2016 in our clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. The demographic details of the patients, duration of the follow-up period, use of endotamponade, and any complications were recorded. Best corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months were also recorded.[¤]RESULTS[|]A total of 81eyes of 81 patients, 45 (55.6%) males and 36 (44.4%) females, with a group mean age of 65.7+-8.5 years (range: 46-85 years) were assessed. The mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.81+-0.50 logMAR (the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) (0.22 decimals). During the follow-up, the mean visual acuity at 6, 12, and 24 months was 0.61+-0.37 logMAR (0.33 decimals), 0.61+-0.38 logMAR (0.33 decimals), and 0.55+-0.33 logMAR (0.36 decimals), respectively. The visual acuity was significantly better at 6,12, and 24 months compared with the baseline measurement (p

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term structural changes of the anterior chamber (AC) angle following gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT)., Methods: The AC angle of 10 eyes that underwent GATT at least 6 years previously was assessed for structural changes. A detailed gonioscopy was performed to determine the state of the cleft and the position of the trabecular flap. An anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) examination was performed on the corresponding areas on gonioscopy., Results: The typical finding of the angle following GATT was an open cleft with a visible trabecular flap. However, the gonioscopy of our patients revealed three different cleft appearances: open, closed, and segmentally open cleft. In the long-term, the trabecular flap re-approximated the incision site in some areas resulting in the appearance of a closed cleft on gonioscopy. On AS-OCT the cleft was identified when the lumen of Schlemm's canal was connected to the AC, while the position of the flap differed. The cleft was observed as open in median 4.0 (IQR: 2.8-6.0) clock hours. The cleft was found open mostly in the superior quadrants of the angle (nine eyes). No correlation was found between the extent of open cleft and the percentage of IOP reduction., Conclusion: AS-OCT, when used in conjunction with gonioscopy, was found helpful to evaluate the structural changes following GATT. As observed in the study, the cleft tended to close in some areas. It was found preserved mostly in the superior half of the angle in the long term., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Objectives: The aim of the study was comparison of wet-type age-related macular degeneration in phakic and pseudophakic patients in terms of anatomical and functional success based on the real-life data of Türkiye., Methods: The multicenter retrospective real-life study data of the. retinal study group were used in this study. Among 867 eyes of 867 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the status of the lens; phakic group and pseudophakic group. The follow-up period of the two groups, the number of injections at the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd years, and changes in the central macular thickness (CMT, μ) and visual acuity (VA, logMAR) of the patients at the beginning, 6 th , 12 th , 24 th , and 36 th months were examined., Results: In our study, the number of injections in the 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd years, respectively, was 4.2±2.0, 1.8±1.9, and 1.0±1.7 in the phakic group, and 3.9±2.0, 1.7±1.9, and 0.8±1.4 in the pseudophakic group. When the two groups were compared in terms of the number of injections, there was a statistically significant difference in the 1st year, but there was no significant difference in the 2 nd and 3 rd years (p=0.001, p=0.350, and p=0.288, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of CMT in the baseline, 6 th , 12 th , 24 th , and 36 th months (p=0.991, p=0.327, p=0.652, p=0.599, and p=0.873, respectively). Although there was no difference in VA between groups at the beginning (p=0.052), the phakic group showed statistically better VA in controls at 3 rd , 6 th , 12 th , 24 th , and 36 th months (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.000, and p=0.003, respectively)., Conclusion: Differences in the number of injections and visual results between phakic and pseudophakic patients in wet type AMD may necessitate the creation of different treatment and follow-up protocols., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2023 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) implants and ranibizumab (RAN) injections in younger patients with macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in a 6-month follow-up., Methods: The treatment-naive patients with macular edema secondary to branch RVO were included retrospectively. Medical records of patients who were treated with intravitreal RAN or DEX implant were evaluated before and at the 1 st , 3 rd , and 6 th months after the injection. Primary outcome measures were the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05/3=0.016, according to the Bonferroni correction., Results: Thirty-nine eyes of 39 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the study population was 53.82±5.08 years. Median BCVA in the DEX group (n=23) at baseline, 1 st , 3 rd , and 6 th month was 1.1, 0.80 (p=0.002), 0.70 (p=0.003), and 1 (p=0.018) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (log-MAR), respectively (p<0.05). Median BCVA in the RAN group (n=16) at baseline, 1 st , 3 rd , and 6 th months was 0.90, 0.61, 0.52, and 0.46 logMAR, respectively (p<0.016 for all comparisons). Median central macular thickness (CMT) in the DEX group at baseline, 1 st , 3rd, and 6th months was 515, 260, 248, and 367 μm, respectively (p<0.016 for all comparisons). Median CMT in the RAN group at baseline, 1 st , 3 rd , and 6 th months was 432.5 (p<0.016), 275 (p<0.016), 246 (p<0.016), and 338 (p=0.148) μm., Conclusion: There is no significant difference in treatment efficacies in both visual and anatomical outcomes at the end of the 6th month. However, RAN can be considered the first choice in younger patients with macular edema secondary to branch RVO because of the lower side effect profile., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2023 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (XFG) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G894T polymorphism., Methods: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients who had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgeries for senile cataract were included in this study. Forty patients with XFS were included in the study group, and 38 patients without XFS constituted the control group. Patients with XFS were divided into two subgroups according to their XFG development, and subgroup analysis was performed. Venous blood samples were taken from all patients before surgery and 894 G>T (rs1799983) polymorphism on the eNOS gene was evaluated by RT-PCR., Results: While the mean age in the control group was 65.97±10.64 years (23 males and 15 females), the mean age in the study group was 73.05±6.79 years (30 males and 10 females), (p<0.001). Regression analysis of the risks caused by the genotype and alleles between the control and study groups revealed that the homozygous alleles were more common in the study group, and heterozygous or mutant alleles have reduced the development of XFS approximately 2-folds. However, this was not statistically significant (p=0.11). Similarly, when subgroup analysis was performed, it was found that there was no significant relationship between XFG in patients with XFS and gene polymorphism., Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that there was no relationship between the G894T polymorphism in the eNOS gene and the development of XFS/XFG., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2022 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare refractive error measurements recorded using the Nidek HandyRef-K handheld autorefractometer (HDY; Nidek Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), Plusoptix A09 photorefractor (PO; Plusoptix GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany), Retinomax K-plus 3 (RTX; Right Mfg. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and a table-mounted autorefractometer/keratometer (TTR; URK 800, Unicos Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea)., Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years underwent measurement of refraction without cycloplegia using 4 devices and the spherical power (SP), cylindrical power (CP), and spherical equivalent (SE) values were analyzed and compared., Results: A total of 181 eyes of 181 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 33.08±0.95 years (range: 18-79 years). There was a significantly significant difference in the SP, CP, and SE values determined by the devices (p<0.001). The SP and SE values of the RTX and the HDY were similar, while the other device results were different (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.004). The CP values of the PO and the TTR, the HDY and the TTR were also comparable., Conclusion: The HDY, RTX, and the PO are suitable for screening in clinical practice, but the findings strongly suggest that they should be used with caution., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2021 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of balanced salt solution (BSS)-assisted intraocular lens (IOL) implantation on postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and endothelial cells and to compare BSS-assisted IOL implantation with the use of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices during IOL implantation., Methods: A total of 52 eyes of 40 patients (25 female, 15 male) with a cataract who underwent phacoemulsification surgery with BSS-assisted (26 eyes) or viscoelastic-assisted IOL implantation (26 eyes) were evaluated. BSS-assisted IOL implantation was performed with the aid of irrigation cannula and BSS without using a viscoelastic substance. Viscoelastic-assisted IOL implantation was performed according to standard procedures to facilitate IOL implantation. IOP measurements and endothelial changes after phacoemulsification surgery, as well as the surgical time were noted and compared. The eyes were also evaluated in terms of cataract density preoperatively and phaco parameters were assessed peroperatively., Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.5±7.8 years in the BSS-assisted group and 67.8±9.4 years in the viscoelastic group. The mean preoperative IOP and postoperative IOP on day 1, week 1, and month 1 was 14.2±2.3, 14.7±3.1, 13.2±1.5, and 13.8±2.7 mmHg, respectively, for the BSS-assisted group and 14.1±2.9, 19.1±3.4, 13.8±3.1, and 13.2±2.9 mmHg, respectively, for the viscoelastic-assisted IOL implantation group. The IOP increase was significantly greater on the first day in the viscoelastic-assisted IOL implantation group (p=0.007). The surgical time was 12.3±2.1 minutes in the BSS group and 14.6±3.1 minutes in the viscoelastic group (p=0.035). The difference in endothelial changes was not statistically significant between groups (p=0.88)., Conclusion: IOL implantation using BSS in phacoemulsification surgery is a reliable technique, and this method has a significantly shorter surgery time and a much smaller postoperative IOP increase. The reduced IOP increase after cataract surgery might be particularly helpful for glaucoma patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2019 by Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital.)