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Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans possessed a lot of factors that play an important role in the development of parasitism and growth stages of the pathogen on plant host and consider a quantitative measure of plant disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate some genes responsible for the virulence factors (pilB and Sid) in isolates of P. syringaepv. lachrymans that caused angular spot disease on cucumber leaves in different areas of Najaf province. The results showed that the pilB and Sid genes were amplified in fifty-two isolates of P. syringae pv. lachrymans, forty-five isolates containedpilB gene which responsible for adhesion factors through the emergence of binds in a molecular size of 586 base pairs on agarose gel after electrophoresis. Also forty-five isolates contained Sid gene, which responsible for the siderophore factor through the emergence of binds in a molecular size of 572 base pairs on agarose gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different chemical and natural treatments in order to control black mold disease caused by Aspergillus niger on grapevines and to evaluate their effect on some growth and production parameters under field conditions. Three factors were used to induce resistance: Salicylic acid (SA), Humic acid (HA), Seaweed extract ‘Tecamin Alga (Ta) in addition to the fungicide Tapsen70. Spraying the grapevines with the solutions of these treatments led to a significant reduction in the severity of infection to 0% compared to the negative control treatment (spraying the plants with water only) and the treatment of positive control (spraying with A.niger spore suspension) in which the infection severity were 13.6 and 46.13%, respectively. The treatments also positively affected growth and yiels parameters. They significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content, percentage of soluble solids compounds TDS/ppm, numbers of clusters/plant, cluster weight, peduncle length and numbers of pedicles/ cluster, and decreased period to maturity. Generally, the SA treatment, individually or interacted, was superior to other treatments in increasing all growth and production parameters, especially when compared to negative and positive control, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Fusarium, especially F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, has been found in several Cereals especially inmaize and products worldwide, the presence of Fusarium in maize constitutes an pressing risk due to itscapability to producemycotoxins such asfumonisins, with proven carcinogenic effect on rats, pigs, swine and horses and already classifiedas possible carcinogens to human.B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin a predominant carcinogen, tt is shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and immunosuppressing. In present study, we report the ameliorating effects of, Lactobacillusplantarum on FB1-induced toxicityin Rats. A4- week treated orally, experiment consisting of12male Rats was performed in four treatment groups. Protective treatment (5×106 cell/ml) with L. plantarumco-administration treatment FB1-100mg/kg b.w(At the end of the treatmentperiod, serum biochemistry, were evaluated in all Rats. Theresults demonstrated that administration of L. plantarum efficiently improved biochemical parameters its reduced the serum activity levels glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamicpyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 41.65, 43.81 and 112.0, respective. These results suggest that inmale rats consumingoraly FB1, there is increase in serum enzymes activities. Moreover, L. plantarum strains have a protective effect against toxicity in rats. Therefore, the use of LAB as a source of natural antimycotoxin agentsshowed promising, economical and successful strategy for preserving food products from Fusarium toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]