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Among cationic molecules that can modulate ribozyme activities, polyamines act as both activator and inhibitor of ribozyme reactions partly due to their structural flexibility. Restriction of structural flexibility of polyamines may allow them to emphasize particular modulation effects. We examined eight stereoisomers of a synthetic pentamine bearing three cyclopentane rings. In the reaction of a structurally unstable group I ribozyme, three stereoisomers exhibited distinct effects as inhibitor, an additive with a neutral effect, and also as an activator.

Group I intron ribozymes share common core elements that form a three-dimensional structure responsible for their catalytic activity. This core structure is unstable without assistance from additional factors that stabilize its tertiary structure. We examined biogenic triamine and tetraamine and also their fragments for their abilities to stabilize a structurally unstable group I ribozyme, ΔP5 ribozyme, derived from the Tetrahymena group I intron ribozyme by deleting its large activator module. Biogenic triamine (spermidine) and tetraamine (spermine) efficiently activated the ΔP5 ribozyme under conditions where the ribozyme was virtually inactive. These observations suggested that polyamines are promising small molecule modulators to activate and possibly inhibit the core catalytic ability of group I ribozymes.