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Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1 – 5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9 , 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12 – 17 , 19 – 24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10 , 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii , and compounds 12 , 13 , 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • Twenty-four compounds are reported from Pteroxygonum giraldii. • The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and data comparison. • Seventeen of these compounds were isolated from Pteroxygonum for the first time. • Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationship with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • The compounds indicate relationships between Pteroxygonum giraldii and others within the family Polygonaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]