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Librational motions in the region of the protein "glass" (or dynamic) transition are analysed for spin-labelled haemoglobin, serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin by EPR spectroscopy. A discontinuity in the temperature dependence of the mean-square librational amplitude, , occurs in the region of 200 K as found for the mean-square atomic displacement, , at the protein dynamic transition by Mossbauer spectroscopy and neutron scattering. The discontinuity in vs. T can be described by the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher equation, implying a finite glass transition temperature. Above the dynamic transition, vs. 1/T can be approximated by the Arrhenius law with activation energies similar to those usually found for , and relaxation processes in glass-forming media and the hydration shells of proteins. Similar results are found for librational fluctuations of membranous Na,K-ATPase spin-labelled either on superficial -SH groups or on those essential to activity.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is an abundant plasma protein that transports fatty acids and also binds a wide variety of hydrophobic pharmacores. Echo-detected (ED) EPR spectra and D2O-electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) Fourier-transform spectra of spin-labelled free fatty acids and phospholipids were used jointly to investigate the binding of stearic acid to HSA and the adsorption of the protein on dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membranes. In membranes, torsional librations are detected in the ED-spectra, the intensity of which depends on chain position at low temperature. Water penetration into the membrane is seen in the D2O-ESEEM spectra, the intensity of which decreases greatly at the middle of the membrane. Both the chain librational motion and the water penetration are only little affected by adsorption of serum albumin at the DPPC membrane surface. In contrast, both the librational motion and the accessibility of the chains to water are very different in the hydrophobic fatty acid binding sites of HSA from those in membranes. Indeed, the librational motion of bound fatty acids is suppressed at low temperature, and is similar for the different chain positions, at all temperatures. Correspondingly, all segments of the bound chains are accessible to water, to rather similar extents.

Nitrite reductase (NiR) is a multicopper protein, with a trimeric structure containing two types of copper site: type I is present in each subunit whereas type 2 is localized at the subunits interface. The paper reports on the thermal behaviour of wild type NiR from Alcaligenes faecalis S-6. The temperature-induced changes of the copper centres are characterized by optical spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and by establishing the thermal stability by differential scanning calorimetry. The calorimetric profile of the enzyme shows a single endothermic peak with maximum heat absorption at T(m)approximate to 100 degrees C, revealing an exceptional thermal stability. The thermal transition is irreversible and the scan rate dependence of the calorimetric trace indicates that the denaturation of NiR is kinetically controlled. The divergence of the activation energy values determined by different methods is used as a criterion for the inapplicability of the one-step irreversible model. The best fit of the DSC profiles is obtained when the classical Lumry-Eyring model, N double left right arrow U double right arrow F, is considered. The simulation results indicate that the irreversible step prevails on the reversible one. Moreover, it is found that the conformational changes within the type-1 copper environments precede the denaturation of the whole protein. No evidence of protein dissociation within the temperature range investigated was observed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.