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Esophageal and lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) pose a serious threat to health as they are amongst the most prevalent cancers in Pakistan. Increased metabolic and energy needs within the proliferating cancer cells results in hypoxia, affecting the homeostatic balance within the tumor microenvironment. Under these circumstances, key hypoxia-regulated genes like CA9 have major role in the survival and invasiveness of malignant tumors. This study targeted the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2071676 in CA9 to find its association with the risk of ESCC and LSCC. The non-synonymous function of this polymorphism cause the base pair to change from guanine to adenine that changes the amino acid associated with the signal peptide domain of CAIX protein from valine to methionine. Blood samples and data from 127 cases with ESCC, 73 patients with LSCC and from their age and sex-matched healthy controls were collected. Genomic DNA were extracted through standard phenol-chloroform method. Assessment of targeted polymorphism was performed through tetra-primer Amplified Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction (t-ARMS PCR). Pearson’s chi-square value gave statistically significant association of the SNP with LSCC (χ2 = 47.104) and ESCC (χ2 = 87.804), both with p

Pyrethroid (PYR) is a class of pesticide which was frequently applied in agricultural fields of Sanghar in Pakistan. Consistent and over use of PYR may lead to health effects on workers who are occupationally exposed to pesticides every day. For assessment of PYR toxicity, Cytochrome-P450 (CYP1A1) and Glutathione–S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) code for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) were investigated in Sanghar exposed studied population. To execute the case-control study, a total of 200 blood samples from PYR-exposed and control subjects were collected. Prior informed consent was taken from all the subjects. For determination of genetic variations, CYP1A1 (rs1048943) and GSTP1 (rs1695) regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Resolved bands were visualized on 2 % agarose gel. Results indicated that in CYP1A1 polymorphism (rs1048943) there was no significant association between CYP1A1 genotypes AA, AG, GG and PYR toxicity (ϰ2= 2.03, p > 0.05) in exposed subjects. However, the impact of mutant allele G was further evaluated by genetic models, which demonstrated that G allele may show a risk for CYP1A1gene susceptibility to PYR exposure (OR: 8.608; CI: 1.056–70.172) p