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Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative coccobacill that has a great distribution in the nature and is considered as one of the important causes of hospital infections. Due to the antibiotic resistances in this bacterium several problems in the successful treatment of patients and subsequently their mortality have been occurred. The present study was carried out in order to detect the most prevalent antibiotic resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from the hospital infections. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 121 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical samples of two hospitals of Tehran city. After identifying isolates using the biochemical tests, the antibiotic resistance pattern of them was done using the disk diffusion and molecular (in order to identify the antibiotic resistance genes) methods. Results: Of 121 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from infectious samples, the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance was against tetracycline and the most sensitivity was achieved against chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin and meropenem by distribution of 1.65 %. The distribution of dfrA1, tet(A), aac(3)-IV, sul1, tet(B), aadA1, qnr, CITM, blaSHV, sim, vim, oxa-58-like. Oxa-24-like, imp, oxa-51-like, oxa-23-like, cat1 and cmlA were 79 (65.27 %), 71 (58.67 %), 68 (56.19 %), 67 (55.37 %), 44 (36.36 %), 41 (33.88 %), 29 (23.96 %), 28 (23.14%), 24 (19.83 %), 17 (14.04 %), 16 (13.22 %), 14 (11.57 %), 12 (9.91 %), 10 (8.26 %), 9 (7.43 %), 8 (6.61 %), 5 (4.13 %) and 3 (2.47 %), respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Multiple antibiotic resistance in studied isolates the use of molecular techniques in the antibiogram test to select the most effective antibiotic treatment of infections and the importance of continued antibiotic surveillance that will provide succession in the efforts of infection control programs for the future.

Introduction : Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of pathogenic agents in humans, that engages different body parts including respiratory system and causes to spend lots of costs and extending patient’s treatment period. This study which is performed to separate and investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from upper respiratory system infections in Shahrekord. Materials and methods: This study was done by sectional-descriptive method On 200 suspicious persons to the upper respiratory system infections who were referred to the Imam Ali clinic in Shahrekord in 2012. After isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from cultured nose discharges, antibiotic resistance genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using defined primer pairs . Results : Among 200 investigated samples in 60 cases (30%) Staphylococcus aureus infection (by culturing and PCR method) was determined. Isolates showed the lowest amount of antibiotic resistance to vancomycin (0.5%) and the highest amount of resistance to the penicillin G and cefotaxime (100%). mecA gene (encoding methicillin resistance) with frequency of 85.18% and aacA-D gene (encoding resistance to aminoglycosides) with frequency of 28.33% showed the highest and lowest frequency of antibiotic resistance genes coding in Staphylococcus aureus isolates respectively . Discussion and conclusion : Notable prevalence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in community acquired respiratory infections, recommend continuous control necessity to impede the spreading of these bacteria and their infections.

Introduction: Cage birds can harbor human pathogens and contribute to the transmission and spread of drug resistant infectious agents to human. Since many people are interested in keeping cage birds, present study was conducted in cage birds from Shahrekord to investigate the beta-lactam antibiotics resistant E. coli and molecular detection of E. coli O157:H7 that is responsible for outbreaks of human intestinal diseases and fatal haemolytic-uraemic syndrome worldwide. Materials and methods: Altogether 256 samples of cage birds (lovebirds, quails, nightingales, parrots, mynahs, goldfinchs, finches, kingbirds, peacocks, and pheasants) faeces were collected with sterile cotton swabs from different areas of Shahrekord, Iran. Swabs were placed directly into Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB). In the laboratory, samples were streaked onto MacConkey agar and also Sorbitol MacConkey agar as selective plating media. Then, antibiogram tests were performed using disc diffusion method. Suspected colonies to E. coli O157:H7 were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: E. coli was isolated from 31 (12.1%) out of 256 the samples. Resistance of isolates to Imipenem, Cefotaxime, Cefixime, Cefalexin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin G and Oxacillin was 0, 3.2, 16.1, 90.3, 100, 100 and 100% respectively. E. coli O157:H7 was not found in any samples. Discussion and conclusion: Although cage birds were not sourcee or carriers of E. coli O157:H7 in the studied region, they harbored beta-lactam antibiotics resistant E. coli and could be an important component of drug-resistant infections transmission from cage-birds to human, especially to kids and can pose a potential risk to human health. For this reason, it is recommended to make pet birds owners and general public aware of potential dangers of cage bird keeping.

Introduction: Chlamydophila felis is one of the most common pathogens isolated from ocular discharges in domestic cats. The aim of the present study was to detect this microorganism in ocular discharges collected from domestic cats in Tehran and Isfahan cities Materials and methods: From a total of 224 domestic cats, ocular swabs were collected and DNA was extracted. Samples were studied using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method and their products were analyzed using agarose gel. Results: From a total of 224 samples studied, 40 samples (17.85%) were infected with Chlamydophila felis which were diagnosed as positive in PCR test. Discussion and conclusion: According to the difficulties and time-consuming process of isolation of Chlamydophila felis in laboratory culture media, the PCR technique has been suggested as a rapid and safe method for detection of this organism in clinical samples.

Introduction: Pathogens can be transmitted to the humans through the consumption of contaminated meat and thus causing disease. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli can cause mild watery diarrhea to more serious complications of hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome to even death. Present study was conducted to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from sheep meat (lamb) in ChaharmahalvaBakhtiari, Iran. Materials and methods: 90 Escherichia coli isolates from sheep meat in ChaharmahalvaBakhtiari were evaluated to investigate stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes by multiplex PCR.Results: The rate of stx1 and eaeA-positive Escherichia coli isolates were 11.11% (10/90) and 8.88% (8/90), respectively. Stx2 gene was not found in any isolate.Discussion and conclusion: Lamb harbored Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli and could be a component of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli transmission from lambs to the humans and can pose a risk to human health in the region.