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Simple Summary: Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that play vital role in defining and contributing to the size, shape and structure of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes in nature. The piggyBac (PB), a superfamily of DNA transposons, has been isolated over the years from various organisms including insects, fungi and plants. These piggyBac transposon systems have high efficiency with a wide usage in the study of gene therapies, mutagenesis and transgenesis. Currently, there is limited information available on DNA transposons in small (compact) genomes of animals. Therefore, this study aims to annotate the PB transposons in small genomes of animals, revealing their evolution profiles in both vertebrate and invertebrate genomes. TEs, including DNA transposons, are major contributors of genome expansions, and have played a very significant role in shaping the evolution of animal genomes, due to their capacity to jump from one genomic position to the other. In this study, we investigated the evolution landscapes of PB transposons, including their distribution, diversity, activity and structure organization in 79 species of small (compact) genomes of animals comprising both vertebrate and invertebrates. Overall, 212 PB transposon types were detected from almost half (37) of the total number of the small genome species (79) investigated. The detected PB transposon types, which were unevenly distributed in various genera and phyla, have been classified into seven distinct clades or families with good bootstrap support (>80%). The PB transposon types that were identified have a length ranging from 1.23 kb to 9.51 kb. They encode transposases of approximately ≥500 amino acids in length, and possess terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) ranging from 4 bp to 24 bp. Though some of the transposon types have long TIRs (528 bp), they still maintain the consistent and reliable 4 bp target site duplication (TSD) of TTAA. However, PiggyBac-2_Cvir transposon originating from the Crassostrea virginica species exhibits a unique TSD of TATG. The TIRs of the transposons in all the seven families display high divergence, with a highly conserved 5′ end motif. The core transposase domains (DDD) were better conserved among the seven different families compared to the other protein domains, which were less prevalent in the vertebrate genome. The divergent evolution dynamics analysis also indicated that the majority of the PB transposon types identified in this study are either relatively young or old, with some being active. Additionally, numerous invasions of PB transposons were found in the genomes of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. The data reveals that the PB superfamily is widely distributed in these species. PB transposons exhibit high diversity and activity in the small genomes of animals, and might play a crucial role in shaping the evolution of these small genomes of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the discovery of the Tigger family of pogo transposons in the mammalian genome, the evolution profile of this family is still incomplete. Here, we conducted a systematic evolution analysis for Tigger in nature. The data revealed that Tigger was found in a broad variety of animals, and extensive invasion of Tigger was observed in mammal genomes. Common horizontal transfer events of Tigger elements were observed across different lineages of animals, including mammals, that may have led to their widespread distribution, while parasites and invasive species may have promoted Tigger HT events. Our results also indicate that the activity of Tigger transposons tends to be low in vertebrates; only one mammalian genome and fish genome may harbor active Tigger. The data of this study revealed that Tigger was found in a wide variety of animal genomes, including 180 species from 36 orders of invertebrates and 145 species from 29 orders of vertebrates. An extensive invasion of Tigger was observed in mammals, with a high copy number. Almost 61% of those species contain more than 50 copies of Tigger; however, 46% harbor intact Tigger elements, although the number of these intact elements is very low. Common HT events of Tigger elements were discovered across different lineages of animals, including mammals, that may have led to their widespread distribution, whereas Helogale parvula and arthropods may have aided Tigger HT incidences. The activity of Tigger seems to be low in the kingdom of animals, most copies were truncated in the mammal genomes and lost their transposition activity, and Tigger transposons only display signs of recent and current activities in a few species of animals. The findings suggest that the Tigger family is important in structuring mammal genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the class of insects, bees are advanced evolutionary groups that play a pivotal role in ecosystem balance, agriculture, and food security. Transposons are the driving factors of genome evolution and speciation, which shape the genomes of almost all organisms. Among them, the Tc1/mariner and pogo superfamily, as the most widely distributed transposons in nature, are widely reported in insects. However, in bees, the research on transposons has never been systematically reported. Therefore, this study focuses on annotating the transposons of the Tc1/mariner and pogo superfamily of bees that were sequenced, revealing the distribution, diversity, potential activities, evolutionary patterns, and structural characteristics of transposons in different bees. Bees (Apoidea), the largest and most crucial radiation of pollinators, play a vital role in the ecosystem balance. Transposons are widely distributed in nature and are important drivers of species diversity. However, transposons are rarely reported in important pollinators such as bees. Here, we surveyed 37 bee genomesin Apoidea, annotated the pogo and Tc1/mariner transposons in the genome of each species, and performed a phylogenetic analysis and determined their overall distribution. The pogo and Tc1/mariner families showed high diversity and low abundance in the 37 species, and their proportion was significantly higher in solitary bees than in social bees. DD34D/mariner was found to be distributed in almost all species and was found in Apis mellifera, Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera caucasia, and Apis mellifera mellifera, and Euglossa dilemma may still be active. Using horizontal transfer analysis, we found that DD29-30D/Tigger may have experienced horizontal transfer (HT) events. The current study displayed the evolution profiles (including diversity, activity, and abundance) of the pogo and Tc1/mariner transposons across 37 species of Apoidea. Our data revealed their contributions to the genomic variations across these species and facilitated in understanding of the genome evolution of this lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]