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Fusariumspecies are considered one of the most destructing plant pathogens. In the current study, bimetallic zinc oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-CuO NPs) were myco-synthesized using Aspergillus fumigatusfor controlling Fusarium oxysporumgrowth. Aspergillus fumigatuswas isolated from soil and identified morphologically and genetically. The myco-synthesized ZnO-CuO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, DLS, HR-TEM, SEM, and XRD analyses. HR-TEM characterization method indicated that, the biosynthesized bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs appeared as semi-spherical with the average diameter specified as 54.18 ± 1.9 nm. The DLS method described the characteristic particle size diffusion and was calculated as 85.52 nm, 90.85 nm, and 92.85 nm for ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO-CuO NPs, respectively. Additionally, the SEM image of ZnO-CuO NPs displays basic NP surface character and the exterior impression was apparent. The biosynthesized ZnO-CuO NPs were separated naturally as spherical particles connected within the fungal filtrate, which displays as illuminated NPs fused and capped with the fungal filtrate. Antifungal activity of bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs was evaluated against F. oxysporum. Results revealed that bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited promising antifungal activity toward F. oxysporumwhere inhibition zone at 1000 µg/ml was 22.8 ± 0.76 mm, and MIC was 125 µg/ml. Moreover, growth inhibition percentages of F. oxysporumat different concentrations of bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs 1000, 500, 250, and 125 µg/ml were 88.9, 65.5, 41.1, and 8.9% respectively, where the highest inhibition was 88.9% at concentration 1000 µg/ml, while the lowest inhibition was 8.9% at concentration 125 µg/ml. In TEM ultrastructure results, the treated F. oxysporumwith ZnO-CuO NPs, a clear destruction was found in all cell contents and disintegration of the cell wall as well as destruction of the plasma membrane. Also, the nucleus appeared as small size and damaged shape and the chromatin materials distributed with several dark stained bodies in cytoplasm. In conclusion, bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs were successfully myco-synthesized using A. fumigatus, where it had promising antifungal activity against F. oxysporum.

Crop loss brought on by phytopathogens is a significant issue that affects the entire world. Synthetic pesticides have been used for years to prevent economic losses caused by phytopathogens, raising severe worries about the environment and public health. Therefore, today, there is growing interest in using helpful microorganisms to control plant pathogens. In this way, Aspergillus chevalieriAGH-1 OP593083 and Aspergillus egyptiacusAGH-4 OP593080 isolated from wheat rhizosphere have been applied as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) for combating early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani(A. solani) and inducing the defense system and growth promotional strategies in Vicia faba. Two milligrams per milliliter ethyl acetate crude extracts of A. chevalieriand A. egyptiacusdemonstrated effective antifungal efficacy against A. solaniwith an inhibition zone of 18 and 16 mm respectively compared with 20 mm attained by fluconazole as a positive control. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were (0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml) for A. chevalieriand A. egyptiacusextracts respectively. Data showed that A. chevalieriwas the best isolate producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores (+ + +) followed by A. egyptiacus(+ +). Also, the best isolates capable of phosphate solubilization in the soil was A. egyptiacus(+ + +), followed by A. chevalieri(+ +). It is interesting that the PGPF isolates used, whether single or mixed, showed a significant improvement in all growth and yield as well as photosynthetic pigments in Vicia faba. Moreover, A. chevalieriand A. egyptiacusplayed an important role in improving plant immunity by increasing phenol, proline, and antioxidant enzymes (POD and PPO) activities, as well as reducing oxidative stress by reducing MDA and H2O2. We can conclude that A. chevalieriand A. egyptiacusare considered eco-friendly safe strong inducers of Vicia fabaplant immunity alternatives to chemical pesticides against A. solaniearly blight to preserve plant, soil, and human health.

The search for active inducers against diseases in the formula of therapeutic nutrients has become a necessity for many researchers. The study’s chief purpose was to make agronomic farming simpler by applying newly created therapeutic nutrients. The novelty of this research is the applied of algal extracts in adding to minerals as therapeutic nutrion. Calcium (Maxifos Ca), Ascophyllum nodosum(Greencal), and Arthrospira platensis(A. platensis), were tested for induction pepper plant resistance against Fusariumwilt. The disease index (DI), morphological growth, photosynthetic pigments, free proline, total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes as reactions to the induction of protection in challenged tested plants were measured. Results revealed that the use of entirely different treatments significantly minimized the danger of Fusariumwilt. Treatment of infected plants with Maxifos Ca was the best treatment, as it reduced the DI to 25% and thus reduced symptoms and improved the percentage of plant protection from the disease by 69.6%. Surprisingly, it was widely assumed that Greencal was the greatest treatment for restoring vegetative growth, followed by Maxifos Ca and an algal extract, A. platensis. The application of Greencal, followed by Maxifos Ca, and then A. platensissignificantly increased the expression of all metabolic resistance indices (phenols, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase). The best treatments for reducing the signs of stress represented in (MDA and H2O2) were Maxifos Ca and then Greencal. According to the findings the use of Maxifos Ca, Greencal, and A. platensisas alternate therapeutic nutrients of eco-destructive chemically synthesized fungicides appears to be a significant methodology for reducing the harmful effects of Fusariumwilt on pepper plants.

Climate changes and stresses negatively affected the physiological processes inside plant cells, which led to a clear imbalance in the global diet. In both irrigated and non-irrigated areas, salinity is one of the principal abiotic factors influencing plant growth and production, especially in crop plants. The present experiment was designed to evaluate two types of foliar feeding as anti-salt stress by measuring stress tolerant and antioxidant levels. Foliar feedings, Gluamin Cu, and Ascophyllum nodosum(WeGrow Special) were used as therabutic nutrients and stress raisers on plants irrigated with saline solution (150 mmol) and others irrigated with tap water. After 70 days of plant life, morphological characteristics, plant pigments, osmosis levels, phenols, and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured as indicators of plant recovery from stress damage. Measurements of vegetative growth, photosynthesis, sugars, and protein content decreased significantly in stressed plants. On the contrary, the level of proline, phenol, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium (Na +) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased compared to non-stressed plants. The beneficial impacts of the foliar feedings (Gluamin Cu and WeGrow Special) have been broadened to increase all growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, proline, phenol, and enzyme activities, in both unstressed and stressed plants in comparison to control. Interestingly, the harmful impact of salinity on tomato plants was significantly decreased and it can be evident from reduced MDA and H2O2levels. The results indicated that Gluamin Cu at a concentration of 3 cm L−1foliar was the best treatment in increasing shoot length by 18.75%, root length by 51.8%, number of leaves by 31.5%, chlorophyll A by 98.9% and chlorophyll B by 47.6%, proline 12.6%, peroxidase by 39.6%, polyphenol oxidase by 14.29%, super oxide dismutase by 16.4%, and catalase by 54.9% in stressed plants compared to the stressed control. These results indicated that the use of any of the foliar nutrients (Gluamin Cu and WeGrow Special) considered to raise the salt stress in the plant and improve its morphological characteristics and metabolic processes inside the cells, and thus it can be used and applied commercially as environmentally friendly anti-salt stress.

Pythium irregulare(P. irregulare) is one of the soil-borne pathogens that is the primary cause of damage to several plants each year. The novelty and originality of this work were the ability of Streptomyces gancidicus(S. gancidicusOR229936) to synthesize bimetallic zinc oxide-boron oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-B2O3NPs) for reducing P. irregularegrowth and safeguarding pea plant from damping off disease. The produced bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs’ XRD results highlighted the ZnO diffraction peaks at 2Ɵ = 27.50°, 31.15°, 45.15°, 56.89°, 67.98°, and 75.25°, which are complemented by the standard card JCPDS number 361451 and correspond to (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (201) Bragg’s reflections. Along with the standard card JCPDS number 300019, they additionally include the B2O3NP diffraction peaks at 2Ɵ = 15.25°, 28.69°, 31.99°, and 41.28°. Bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs were tested against P. irregularfor their antifungal activities. The findings indicated that ZnO-B2O3NPs exhibited potential anti P. irregulareactivity, with an inhibition zone of 33 mm at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL and a promising MIC of 0.01 µg/mL. Bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs (0.01 ppm) application appeared to significantly lessen the severity of the pea post-emergence damaging off disease by 10% and to provide significant protection by 88%. In comparison to fungicide (difenoconazole 25%) treatments, all metabolic resistance indicators significantly enhanced after the usage of bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs, ZnO NPs, and B2O3NPs with ethyl acetate extract of S. gancidicus. The beneficial impacts of the bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs, ZnO NPs, and B2O3NPs have been broadened to increase the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in both healthy and infected pea plant in comparison to control. Reduction of Malondialdehyde content (MDA) in response to S. gancidiusfiltrate, bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs, ZnO NPs, B2O3NPs, and difenoconazole by 41.68%, 36.51%, 26.15, 26.15, and 15.25%, respectively. Also, contents of H2O2in infected pea plant were diminished by 50%, 45%, 40%, 37.5%, and 22.5% at bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs, S. gancidicusfiltrate, ZnO NPs, difenoconazole, and B2O3NPs comparing to P. irregular-infected pea plant is strong evidence to induce disease recovery. The application of bimetallic ZnO-B2O3NPs seems to be a significant approach to relieve the toxic influences of P. irregulareon infected pea plant as green and alternative therapeutic nutrients of chemical fungicides.

Plants in various republics of the world face many dangers, including diseases that threaten crop productivity. The development and increase of novel species of infectious pathogens have made plant growth threatened. Fusariumwilt is one of the fiercest diseases affecting vegetables, which causes a great loss in the quality and quantity of pepper plants all over the world. In this study, stimulation of physiological immune responses in pepper plant using ecofriendly inducers (Aspergillus alabamensis, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus tubingensis) against Fusariumwilt had been studied. Endophytic fungi were assayed for their capability to synthesize hydrocyanic acid, phosphate solubilization, siderophores, and indole acetic acid synthesis, and the antifungal potential of ecofriendly inducers against F. oxysporumwas also examined. A notable antifungal potential antifusarial with a supreme activity of A. tubingensiswas found.More ultrastructure by TEM of Fusariumshowed that sharp changes occurred in the cell wall, mycelium, and conidia as a result of treatment with A. tubingensis, A. oryzae, and A. alabamensis. The results demonstrated the high severity of F. oxysporumon pepper seedlings. Infected seedlings showed a high reduction in all vegetative parameters, photosynthesis, entire protein, and total carbohydrate. In the current study, the potential of endophytic fungi through foliar and soil application was applied to the Fusarium-infected pepper plants under pot conditions. Disease index, vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte content, stress markers, and antioxidant isozymes were assessed. The achieved result indicates that tested endophytes through two modes (foliar and soil) lowered PDI and produced high protection, with the most protection influence represented by A. tubingensis(through the soil) by 83.33%. It was concluded that use of A. tubingensis, A. alabamensis, and A. oryzaecould be commercially used as eco-friendly agents for the defense of pepper seedlings against Fusariumwilt disease.