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Fish oils are well-known sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), widely used in the food industry as nutritional supplements, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. In this present study, ray fish Himantura marginata (Blackedge whipray) were collected from Nagapattinam fishing harbour, and oil from the livers was extracted by the BUME method. The percentage of oil yield was recorded as 83 ± 2.8 from the above method. The proximate composition such as total protein (26.51 ± 0.34%), crude fat (7.58 ± 0.16%), moisture (7.08 ± 0.13%) and ash content (8.63 ± 0.45%) was calculated by standard AOAC method. The physical properties were recorded as follows: specific gravity at 28 ℃, 1.03 ± 0.02 g cm−3; refractive index, 1.430; saponification value, 176.90 ± 1.24 mg KOH/g oil; iodine value, 148.79 ± 2.07 mg I2/100 g; density, 0.927 ± 0.06 g/mL; carotenes, 3.68 mg/100 g oil; α-tocopherol 9.34 mg/100 g oil; and colour, yellowish. Fatty acid profiling of the liver oil was performed by using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID); it exhibited 22 different types of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The elemental analysis of liver oil was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the values are analysed in triplicate.

The present study was performed to utilize the microalgae biomass as a potential source for fatty acids and to evaluate its bioactivity through an antioxidant assays for the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. The alga comprises maximum saturated fatty acids (52.23 ± 0.481%), followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (25.49 ± 0.043%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (22.28 ± 0.643%), respectively. Proximate composition and the active functional group Nannochloropsis sp. were analyzed by standard biochemical methods and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract was evaluated by total antioxidant activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. In all these assays, activity was expressed in concentration dependent manner and maximum activity was recorded at higher concentration of 250 µg/ml. This study concludes that Nannochloropsis sp. possessed the potential antioxidant properties and fatty acid profile. So, this alga can be used as a natural antioxidant to prevent the oxidative stress and various industrial applications like aqua feed formulation, biofuel production, and biomedicine in the future.

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of mass cultured Spirulina platensis and the structural characterization of the methanolic extracts. S. platensis was isolated from estuary and mass cultured in the laboratory, methanol was used for extraction, and the yield was calculated as 16%. The seven phytochemicals were quantified by standard procedure, and the phenol was found maximum 96.7 µg/mg followed by alkaloid 89.5 µg/mg. The antibacterial activity was performed by disc diffusion method, and the maximum activity was noted against Salmonella typhi (19 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12 mm). The antioxidant effect was recorded as concentration-dependent, and in all, the antioxidant effect was recorded in higher concentration level including as standards. In FT-IR spectral analysis, the active functional groups alkyl halide and amine were recorded simultaneously in 1H NMR analysis, 11 chemical shifts were recorded, and it revealed the stretching of alkane, allylic, benzylic, ketone, alkyne and esters. From the results, the present study concluded that S. platensis is an alternate source of pharmaceutical industry due to its phytochemical profile and bioactive potential.

In the present study, cow dung, saw dust, and blended soil were taken for (manure) biofertilizer production through vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) experimental method. This work reports with the results of E. fetida in the mixture of blended soil, cow dung, and saw dust in different ratios for 60-day compost experimental trial. In all the experimental sets, the pH levels were not changed. The nitrogen content was changed in highest levels as 0.025% in B1, B2, B3, B4, and A4 experiments. The maximum phosphorous content was noted as 33.77% in B3 and 29.11% in A4, and the maximum potassium level was noted 33.77% in B3. The total organic carbon (TOC) levels were renowned at premier level, and slight changes of electrical conductivity were noted in all experimental sets. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium contents were recorded high level as 1:3:3 and 1:4:4 ratios of composed agro and cattle waste mixture on the 45th and 60th days. The present study was clearly showed and suggested that the vermicomposting technology is an exchange, renewable, and cheap cost technology for the production of good quality eco-friendly fertilizers for plants if mixed with blended soil, cow dung, and saw dust in the ratio of 1:4:4.

The physical characteristics such as specific gravity, solidification point, saponification value, iodine, and acid value of liver oil were analyzed, and it has showed good characters similar to fish oil. The heavy metal was found in permissible limit, ash, and moisture was recorded in moderate level, protein, and carbohydrate were found as trace amount; the bad cholesterol was noticed lower and good cholesterol was high than fish oil. Ten fatty acids were recorded, the oleic acid, ω-3, EPA, DHA, and α- linolenic acid were recorded maximum level. The essential and non-essential amino acids were estimated and the fat soluble vitamins (A and E) were noticed higher level. The minerals Zn and Fe were found moderate level. The liver oil has showed antibacterial effect against 7 bacterial strains. The six antioxidant activities of liver oil have showed concentration depended. The Sepioteuthis lessoniana liver oil has showed against A549 cell lines.