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The remarkable increase of neurodegenerative diseases has become a serious public health problem. Considering the lack of effective treatments to address these diseases and the difficulties in accessing the brain due to the blood–brain barrier, to attain a successful strategy to improve drug delivery to the brain, the administration route becomes a point of interest. In this emergence, the present investigation is designed to develop the chitosan-coated peptide-loaded nano-lipid carrier (CSPepNLC) and characterized by various physico-chemical methods such as laser light scattering for particle size and size distribution, zeta-potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), loading, and association efficiency and peptide release rate. The stability of CSPepNLC is screened in plasma, erythrocytes, and genotoxicity in pUC18. In addition, we examined the hatching rate, heart rate, survival rate, mortality rate, deformities, and apoptosis and embryo toxicity in Danio reriomodel. Initially, NLC-S1, S2, S3, and S4 and nano-lipid carriers are formulated, and NLC-S4 is selected for the CSPepNLC formulation. CSPepNLC exhibited a particle size of 113.33 nm with PDI 0.301 and zeta potential + 28.18 mV. The association, loading efficiency, and release rate of CSPepNLC were observed to be 94.41 ± 0.943%, 11.54 ± 0.572%, and 57% at 30 h. Formulated CSPepNLC was spherical in shape whose size ranges 110–120 nm. Finally, FTIR results confirmed the formation and stability of CSPepNLC. The CSPepNLC exhibited 85% stability at 150 min when incubated with plasma; miniscule hemolysis and absence of hemagglutination are noticed after incubation with erythrocytes. The CSPepNLC revealed the absence of genotoxicity in the pUC18 plasmid DNA nicking assay. The embryo toxicity of CSPepNLC in zebrafish is observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Our proposed results concluded that CSPepNLC is observed to be nontoxic at lower concentrations (12.5–100 μg/ml). In specifically, 200 μg/ml of CSPepNLC causes slight zebrafish embryo deformities while screening. Finally, although these results seem promising, further modifications in the CSPepNLC formulation are defensible to enhance the percentage of particles reaching the brain after their administration. This desirable drug carrier system demonstrates advantages such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity, drug release modulation, and the possibility of established mass production. The emergence of nanomaterial research is an important and new prospect to develop unique techniques widely used against several pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the obtained results proved that biogenic nanomaterial are great promising biological activity for a developing sustainable ecosystem.

Graphical abstract:

Graphical abstract:

The printing inks are a kind of petrochemical pollutants released from print machines of print industries. As the printer rollers are subjected to kerosene wash, the discharge waste contains kerosene in addition to inks. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical products are being recognized the most serious global problem. These petroleum-based waste discharges are very toxic to environment. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to apply bioremediation strategies to reduce petrochemical pollution. The petrochemical and printing ink degrading bacteria are isolated from soil polluted by printing machine waste discharge. The potential bacterial isolate was identified by morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization as Pseudomonas aeruginosaMDP14. Bioremediation study was carried out using a column technique. The microbial-treated and untreated samples of printing machine roller waste water were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and subjected to toxicity assessments. Ink bioremediation study results confirmed that potential microbe augmentation combined with endogenous microbes of unsterile effluent supported maximum 80% of different ink substrate degradation. It was also noted that untreated effluent sample was highly toxic when compared with treated effluent samples. Based on GC–MS results, sulfurous acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, and cis-vaccenic acid component peaks were found reduced in bioremediated sterile effluent sample. It can be concluded that the washed waste of rollers in printing machine could be bioremediated to reduce its biological toxicity before letting it into the surrounding environment. The GC result gives the future scope to extend the research to study the type and nature of breakdown products of print ink bioremediation.