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Therapeutic benefits of autologous nerve grafting in repair of peripheral nerve lesions have not been reached using any alternative nerve guide. Nevertheless, issues of co-morbidity and limited availability of donor nerves urgently ask for a need of bioartificial nerve guides which could either replace or complement autologous nerve grafts. It is increasingly appreciated that optimal nerve guides comprise both physical and molecular cues in support of peripheral axon regeneration. Now, we present a collagen-based microstructured 3D nerve guide containing numerous longitudinal guidance channels with dimensions resembling natural endoneurial tubes. Moreover, these nerve guides could be functionalized by Schwann cell (SC) seeding. Viable SCs did not only adhere to the nerve guide, but also migrated throughout the guidance channels. Of particular importance was the observation that SCs within the guidance channels formed cellular columns reminiscent of "Bands of Bungner", which are crucial structures in the natural process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the Wallerian degeneration. We, therefore, conclude that our orientated 3D nerve guides (decorated with SCs) with their physical and molecular properties may hold great promise in the repair of peripheral nerve lesion and serve as a basis for future experimental regeneration studies. more...