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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known as one of the most known challenge worldwide. Numerous studies have tried to introduce different mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and efforts in this field are also ongoing. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces of COVID-19 patients along with a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms may show a significant association between gut microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the exact mechanism indicating how SARS-CoV-2 and gut flora influence each other remains unknown. This paper aims to introduce a possible molecular mechanism based on recent findings on the association between circadian rhythm and gut flora in COVID-19 patients to express a new insight into the probable mechanism of melatonin in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bibliometric study on the first 3 months of research on COVID-19 was performed. • A total of 2062 articles in 578 journals and 1425 preprints were identified. • The scientific contributions from 73 countries were seen. • The highest number of original research emerged from China. • The scientific response to COVID-19 is unprecedented. Here we present the results of a bibliometric survey of peer-reviewed and pre-print papers published in the English language on issues related to COVID-19 within the first three months since a cluster of a severe acute respiratory disease of unknown etiology was officially confirmed by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 31 December 2019. A systematic search using PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases and preprint servers was performed. The articles were classified according to their type, subject and country of origin. Up to 31 March 2020, a total of 2062 papers published in 578 peer-reviewed journals and 1425 preprints posted mostly on medRxiv (55.4 %), were identified. The mean number of published journal papers and preprints per day in the considered period was 27 and 12, respectively, and reached a maximum of 51 and 46 per day in March, respectively. The identified articles, journal papers and preprints, mostly covered the epidemiology of COVID-19 (35.7 %), clinical aspects of infection (21.0 %), preventative measures (12.8 %), treatment options (12.5 %), diagnostics (12.2 %), mathematical modeling of disease transmission and mitigation (9.6 %), and molecular biology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 (8.7 %). The majority of the journal papers were commentaries (38.5 %), reviews (33.6 %) and original research (21.3 %), while preprints predominantly presented original results (89.8 %). Chinese scientists contributed the highest share of original research and were responsible for 32.9 % journal papers and 43.9 % preprints published in the considered period. A high number of contributions was also seen from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The benefits and potential risks of such a massive publication output are discussed. The scientific response seen during the first 3 months of the COVID-19 outbreak is a demonstration of the capabilities of modern science to react rapidly to emerging global health threats by providing and discussing the essential information for understanding the etiological factor, its spread, preventative measures, and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has led to the most severe global pandemic, which began in Wuhan, China. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) combines with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, allowing the virus to cross the membrane and enter the cell. SARS-CoV-2 is modified by the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to facilitate access to cells. Accordingly, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are targets of vital importance for the avoidance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been demonstrated to have antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties. In this paper, we demonstrated that SS decreased ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in cell lines and a mouse model without cytotoxicity or organ damage. Liver and kidney sections were confirmed to have reduced expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessment. Then, hispidin, DBA, PAC, PAD and CA, phenolic compounds of SS, were also tested and verified to reduce the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In summary, the results indicate that SS and its phenolic compounds have latent capacity for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unexpected emergence of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than three hundred million individuals and resulted in more than five million deaths worldwide. The ongoing pandemic has underscored the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic measures to develop anti-viral therapy. The natural compounds possess various pharmaceutical properties and are reported as effective anti-virals. The interest to develop an anti-viral drug against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from natural compounds has increased globally. Here, we investigated the anti-viral potential of selected promising natural products. Sources of data for this paper are current literature published in the context of therapeutic uses of phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action published in various reputed peer-reviewed journals. An extensive literature survey was done and data were critically analyzed to get deeper insights into the mechanism of action of a few important phytoconstituents. The consumption of natural products such as thymoquinone, quercetin, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, thymol, and rosmarinic acid could improve our immune response and thus possesses excellent therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the anti-viral functions of various phytoconstituent and alkaloids and their potential therapeutic implications against SARS-CoV-2. Our comprehensive analysis provides mechanistic insights into phytoconstituents to restrain viral infection and provide a better solution through natural, therapeutically active agents. [Display omitted] • Several natural products are reported highly effective in COVID-19 therapy. • Therapeutic potential, biochemical properties and mechanism of action of essential phytoconstituents are discussed. • The mechanism of action of a few effective phytoconstituents in COVID-19 therapy are highlighted. • These phytoconstituents represent a promising option for targeting SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global issue. • CRISPR/Cas13 is a potential diagnostic method of COVID-19. • CRISPR/Cas13 and CRISPR/deadCas13 are the potential therapeutic candidates of COVID-19. The novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be considered as the most important current global issue, as it has caused the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in high mortality and morbidity rates all around the world. Although scientists are trying to discover novel therapies and develop and evaluate various previous treatments, at the time of writing this paper, there was no definite therapy and vaccine for COVID-19. So, as COVID-19 has called ideas for treatment, controlling, and diagnosis, we discussed the application of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas13 (CRISPR/Cas13) as a treatment of COVID-19, which received less attention compared with other potential therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 is a kind of systemic virus, and lungs are not the only target organ. SARS-CoV-2 attacks digestive system, urogenital system, nervous system and circulatory system. Some new mechanisms about SARS-CoV-2 invading human cell. SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role in "Inflammatory Cascade". Since early December 2019, a number of pneumonia cases associated with unknown coronavirus infection were identified in Wuhan, China, and many additional cases were identified in other regions of China and in other countries within 3 months. Currently, more than 80,000 cases have been diagnosed in China, including more than 3000 deaths. The epidemic is spreading to the rest of the world, posing a grave challenge to prevention and control. On February 12, 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the World Health Organization officially named the novel coronavirus and associated pneumonia as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. According to the recent research on SARS-CoV-2, the virus mainly infects the respiratory system but may cause damage to other systems. In this paper, we will systematically review the pathogenic features, transmission routes, and infection mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, as well as any adverse effects on the digestive system, urogenital system, central nervous system, and circulatory system, in order to provide a theoretical and clinical basis for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prognosis assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthy immune system eliminates pathogens and maintains tissue homeostasis through extraordinarily complex networks with feedback systems while avoiding potentially massive tissue destruction. Many parameters influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses, including intrinsic and extrinsic, environmental, and behavioral, nutritional, perinatal and administrative parameters. The relative contributions of persisting antibodies and immune memory as well as the determinants of immune memory induction, to protect against specific diseases are the main parameters of long-term vaccine efficacy. Natural and vaccine-induced immunity and monoclonal antibody immunotherapeutic, may be evaded by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Besides the complications of the production of COVID-19 vaccinations, there is no effective single treatment against COVID-19. However, administration of a combined treatment at different stages of COVID-19 infection may offer some cure assistance. Combination treatment of antiviral drugs and immunomodulatory drugs may reduce inflammation in critical COVID-19 patients with cytokine release syndrome. Molnupiravir, remdesivir and paxlovid are the approved antiviral agents that may reduce the recovery time. In addition, immunomodulatory drugs such as lactoferrin and monoclonal antibodies are used to control inflammatory responses in their respective auto-immune conditions. Therefore, the widespread occurrence of highly transmissible variants like Delta and Omicron indicates that there is still a lot of work to be done in designing efficient vaccines and medicines for COVID-19. In this review, we briefly discussed the immunological response against SARS-CoV-2 and the vaccines approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for COVID-19, their mechanisms, and side effects. Moreover, we mentioned various treatment trials and strategies for COVID-19. [Display omitted] • Available vaccines and treatments in COVID-19 management of, including their effect against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. • Some vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are under emergency approval, and the mRNA vaccine shows the most effective technique. • Paxlovid, molnupiravir, and remdesivir are the currently effective antiviral agents against Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2. • Bebtelovimab is the only monoclonal antibody that is active against all Omicron subvariants. • Some supportive treatments against SARS-CoV-2 such as lactoferrin show immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]