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[Display omitted] • A biohydrogel electrode containing nanosheets and Shewanella was farbicated. • Biohydrogel was modified into photoanode with thylakoid membrane. • Photoanode produced maximum photocurrent 126 μA/cm3 under visible light. • 5.4 mM butyrate was yield from CO 2 bio-reduction in photoelectrochemical cell. Bio-photoelectrochemical cell (BPEC) is an emerging technology that can convert the solar energy into electricity or chemicals. However, traditional BPEC depending on abiotic electrodes is challenging for microbial/enzymatic catalysis because of the inefficient electron exchange. Here, electroactive bacteria (Shewanella loihica PV-4) were used to reduce graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and produce co-assembled rGO/ Shewanella biohydrogel as a basic electrode. By adsorbing chlorophyll contained thylakoid membrane, this biohydrogel was fabricated as a photoanode that delivered maximum photocurrent 126 μA/cm3 under visible light. Impressively, the biohydrogel could be served as a cathode in BPEC by forming coculture system with genetically edited Clostridium ljungdahlii. Under illumination, the BPEC with above photoanode and cathode yielded ∼ 5.4 mM butyrate from CO 2 reduction, 169 % increase compared to dark process. This work provided a new strategy (nanotechnology combined with synthetic biology) to achieve efficient bioelectricity and valuable chemical production in PBEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated Mg–Al hydrotalcite (HT-Ca) nanoparticles (<45 nm) were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal activation with aqueous Ca(OH) 2 solution. They were characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometer, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electronic microscope-X-ray energy dispersive analysis and temperature programmed desorption method. HT-Ca presented both acidic and basic due to the formation of Mg 4 Al 2 (OH) 14 ·3H 2 O, Mg 2 Al(OH) 7 and AlO(OH) nanocrystals to esterify and transesterify oils with high acid value (AV). Under conditions of 5 wt% HT-Ca, 160 °C, 30/1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 4 h, 93.4% Jatropha biodiesel yield was obtained at AV of 6.3 mg KOH/g with 4 cycles (biodiesel yield > 86%). It was further found that it can resist free fatty acids, and biodiesel yield reached 92.9% from soybean oil with high AV of 12.1. HT-Ca catalyst showed a potential practical application for direct production of biodiesel from oils with high AV without pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Commercial ILs and metal salts were used to produce Jatropha biodiesel directly. [•] 91% Esterification yield was achieved by using [BMIm][TS]-AlCl3 at 80°C. [•] Transesterification was promoted by [BMIm][TS]-MCln greatly. [•] Adding ZnCl2 in IL increased Jatropha biodiesel yield from 63.7% to 92.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Wool medium was first optimized for keratinase production. [•] Cell growth rate did a major impact on keratinase production. [•] A new strategy of glucose fed-batch process was developed. [•] High production of keratinase with wool medium was achieved in 30-L fermenter. [•] Stenotrophomonas maltophilia showed great potential for waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Weakly magnetic CaFe2O4 was synthesized by calcination of the hydroxides co-precipitated from aqueous Ca(NO3)2·6H2O and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O solutions in the presence of urea. Microcrystalline cellulose was treated with ionic liquid (IL) [AMIM]Cl (1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and hydrolyzed in the presence of the catalyst at 423K. No IL contamination was detected in the treated cellulose by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). A maximum hydrolysis yield of 49.8% and glucose selectivity of 74.1% was obtained. The catalyst was separated and reused four times, showing only a slight decrease in activity. The catalyst was stable and only minor leaching into water occurred as indicated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) measurements and a neutral pH after reactions. Hydrolysis of cellulose with CaFe2O4 catalyst combined with [AMIM]Cl pretreatment is a green, energy-saving and efficient process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was successfully produced by the dehydration of fructose and glucose using lignin-derived solid acid catalyst in DMSO-[BMIM][Cl] (dimethyl sulfoxide and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) mixtures. Six solid acid catalysts were synthesized by carbonization and sulfonation of raw biomass materials, i.e., glucose, fructose, cellulose, lignin, bamboo and Jatropha hulls. It was found that lignin-derived solid acid catalyst (LCC) was the most active one in the dehydration of sugars. LCC coupled with microwave irradiation was used for the 5-HMF production, 84% 5-HMF yield with 98% fructose conversion rate was achieved at 110°C for 10min. Furthermore, 99% glucose was converted with 68% 5-HMF yield under severer condition (160°C for 50min). LCC was recycled for five times, 5-HMF yield declined only 7%. Use of LCC combined with DMSO-[BMIM][Cl] solution and microwave irradiation is a novel method for the effective production of 5-HMF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Jatropha hulls were successfully for the first time used as raw materials for the production of 2,3-butanediol via dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis and fermentation with Klebsiella oxytoca. Two-step hydrolysis was used to effectively hydrolyze the hulls at 150°C after pretreatment. In the first-step, hemicellulose was hydrolyzed under mild conditions (0.5h, 1.5% acid) to avoid secondary decomposition. The remained cellulose was further hydrolyzed in the second-step under severer conditions (1h, 4% acid). After hydrolysis, total hydrolysis yield was 64%, which was much higher than that (37%) from the first-step. Maximum yields of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin in flask experiments were 35.6% and 41.4% from the hydrolysates of the first- and second-step hydrolysis, equivalent to 71.2% and 82.8% of the theoretical values, respectively. Similar yields were obtained in a controlled bioreactor but with higher productivities. Jatropha hulls are attractive raw materials for the production of 2,3-butanediol with high yield. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrotalcite nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation of aqueous Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and Al(NO3)3·9H2O in the presence of urea and subsequent microwave-hydrothermal treatment. The nanoparticles were activated with saturated aqueous Ca(OH)2, and used to hydrolyze cellulose. A maximum hydrolysis yield of 47.4% with high glucose selectivity (85.8%) was achieved at 423K. The nanocatalyst was stable and leached little as confirmed by ICP, XRD, and neutral effluent aqueous solution after reactions. It can be concluded that hydrotalcite nanoparticles activated with Ca(OH)2 were a highly active, selective and stable catalyst for hydrolysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Catalytic conversion of un-pretreated Jatropha oil with high-acid value (13.8mg KOH/g) to biodiesel was studied in ionic liquids (ILs) with metal chlorides. Several commercial ILs were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid. It was found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate ([BMIm][CH3SO3]; a Brønsted acidic IL) had the highest catalytic activity with 93% esterification rate for oleic acid at 140°C but only 12% biodiesel yield at 120°C. When FeCl3 was added to [BMIm][CH3SO3], a maximum biodiesel yield of 99.7% was achieved at 120°C. Because metal ions in ILs supplied Lewis acidic sites, and more of the sites could be provided by trivalent metallic ions than those of bivalent ones. It was also found that the catalytic activity with bivalent metallic ions increased with atomic radius. Mixture of [BMIm][CH3SO3] and FeCl3 was easily separated from products for reuse to avoid producing pollutants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Willow without any pretreatment, and water were studied in an optical micro-reactor, diamond anvil cell by rapid heating (7–10°C/s) to high temperatures and high pressures (up to 403°C and 416MPa), most of willow (89–99%) dissolved and hydrolyzed in water at 330–403°C within 22s. It was found that low-density water (e.g., 571kg/m3) solubilized almost all willow with particle size less than 200μm, and subsequently hydrolyzed to hydrolysates in subcritical water at 354°C and 19MPa within 9s. These results were further used to propose a flow process to fast hydrolyze wood in seconds to valuable sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Decomposition of organosolve lignin in water/phenol solutions was studied in a 50nL micro-reactor coupled with optical, Raman and infrared microscopies at temperatures up to 600 oC and water densities up to 1165kg/m3. It was found that when phenol was used with {lignin+water} mixtures that a homogenous phase was formed that seemed to promote the decomposition of lignin into phenolic fragments by hydrolysis and pyrolysis. Phenol, along with the homogenous reaction conditions also inhibited re-polymerization of the phenolics and promoted oil formation. On the other hand, in the absence of phenol, lignin remained as a heterogeneous phase with water over the range of conditions studied. The homogeneous conditions and conditions for inhibiting char formation by phenol were elucidated and it was found that mixtures of phenol and lignin become homogeneous at 400–600°C and high water densities of 428–683kg/m3, corresponding to maximum pressures of 93MPa. These results were further used to propose reaction paths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Magnetic biochar was prepared via one-step chelation and pyrolysis at 400 °C. • Lipase was covalently immobilized for biodiesel production by RSM design. • Immobilized lipase presented active with 95.7% biodiesel yield from high AV oils. • It was stable for keeping 90% relative activity vs. 77% for liquid lipase for 30 d. • It was cycled for 10 times with biodiesel yield of 85.7%. Magnetic biochar was synthesized via chelation of Fe3+ with carboxymethyl cellulose and pyrolysis for covalently immobilizing Eversa® Transform lipase. The magnetic biochar had 75.8 mg/g lipase loading that was 54.1 % higher than that without magnetism. The immobilized lipase achieved 91.3 mg/g lipase loading with 19.2 U/mg lipase activity after optimization. It showed good thermal and acid stability with 82.5 % and 98.2 % relative activity at 45 °C and pH 4, respectively. Its relative activity was 90.8 % after stored for 30 d at 4 °C. After magnetically separated for 10 cycles, it still kept 70.1 % activity due to the strong covalent bonding. The lipase further catalyzed one-pot esterification and transesterification of high acid value oil (38 mg KOH/g) with 95.7 % biodiesel yield and cycled for 10 times at 85.7 % yield. Kinetic study gave the activation energy of 28.7 kJ/mol. The covalently immobilized lipase could find practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TA dopant was applied for in-situ fabrication of VA-PANI on electrode. • VA-PANI electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical activity. • VA-PANI electrode contributed to 5-fold improvement of power production from MFC. • CV analysis unveiled EET mechanism between Shewanella and PANI electrode. Electrode modifications with conductive and nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) were recognized as efficient approach to improve interaction between electrode surface and electrogenic bacteria for boosting the performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC). However, it still showed undesirable performance because of the challenge to control the orientation (such as vertical alignment) of PANI nanostructure for extracellular electron transfer (EET). In this work, vertically aligned polyaniline (VA-PANI) on carbon cloth electrode surface were prepared by in-situ polymerization method (simply tuning the ratio of tartaric acid (TA) dopant). Impressively, the VA-PANI greatly improved the EET due to the increased opportunity to connect with conductive proteins. Eventually, MFC equipped with the VA-PANI electrodes delivered a power output of 853 mW/m2, which greatly outperformed those electrodes modified with un-oriented PANI. This work provided the possibility to control the orientation of PANI for EET and promise to harvest energy from wastewater with MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Ethylene glycol (EG) and AlCl 3 pretreated rice straw with 100% cellulose remained for enzymatic hydrolysis (94% glucose yield). Highlights • A novel ethylene glycol and aluminum chloride pretreatment was developed. • 100% cellulose was recovered with removal of 88% lignin and 90% hemicellulose. • Specific surface area and pore volume increased by 7.3 and 6.8 times. • The enzyme adsorption ability of rice straw rose by 11-folds after pretreatment. • Glucose yield increased by 2 times that for original straw, reaching 94% at 24 h. Abstract Rice straw was pretreated with ethylene glycol (EG) and AlCl 3 for enzymatic hydrolysis. EG-AlCl 3 pretreatment had an extremely good selectivity for component fractionation, resulting in 88% delignification and 90% hemicellulose removal, with 100% cellulose recovered or 76% (w/w) cellulose content in solid residue at 150 °C with 0.055 mol/L AlCl 3. The pretreated residue (5%, w/v) presented a higher enzymatic hydrolysis rate (glucose yield increased 2 times to 94%) for 24 h at cellulase loading of 10 FPU/g. The hydrolysis behavior was correlated with the composition and structure of substrates characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET, XRD and TGA. The enzyme adsorption ability of pretreated straw was 12-folds that for the original sample. EG-AlCl 3 solution was further cycled for 3 times with 100% cellulose recovery but only 29% lignin removal due to the loss of AlCl 3. EG-AlCl 3 pretreatment is an efficient method with little loss of cellulose for lignocelluloses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Crystallization stress by ice expansion in biomass pores was modeled. • The stress by freeze pretreatment was calculated as 22.5–38.3 MPa at −20– −40 °C. • Specific surface area of rice straw increased by 1.2-fold after pretreatment. • Combined pretreatment achieved 97.2% cellulose recovery & 72% lignin removal. • Glucose yield via hydrolysis rose to 91.1% by 4.3 times that for original straw. Freeze pretreatment combined with alkaline-hydrothermal method of rice straw for enzymatic hydrolysis was studied. Crystallization stress in the rice stem pores caused by water freezing at −20– −40 °C was modeled to illustrate the destruction mechanism. The stress was calculated as 22.5–38.3 MPa that were higher than the tensile yield stress of untreated stems (3.0 MPa), indicating ice formation damaging pore structure. After freeze at −20 °C, rice straw was further hydrothermally treated at 190 °C with 0.4 M Na 2 CO 3 , achieving 72.0 % lignin removal and 97.2 % cellulose recovery. Glucose yield rose to 91.1 % by 4.3 times after 24 h hydrolysis at 10 FPU loading of Cellic®CTec2 cellulase. The specific surface area of rice straw was 2.6 m2/g increased by 1.2 times after freeze. Freeze combined with alkaline-hydrothermal treatment is a green and energy-efficient method for improving enzymatic hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • C.curvatus concurrently assimilated GlcNAc and glucose for lipid production. • GlcNAc has the capacity to supply both carbon and nitrogen sources. • The co-fermentation of rice hydrolysates and chitin hydrolysate was effective. • Scaling-up experiments in a 5-L bioreactor resulted in lipid content of 60.1 %. • The fatty acid compositions of lipids were similar to that for vegetable oils. Microbial lipids were produced through a two-stage process with Cryptococcus curvatus by co-fermenting rice and shrimp shells hydrolysates. In the first stage, biomass production of glucose and N -acetylglucosamine was optimized by response surface methodology with the maximum biomass yield (17.60 g/L) under optimum conditions (43.2 g/L mixed sugar concentration, pH 5.8, 200 rpm, and 28 °C). In the second stage, according to a single-factor optimization setting (43.2 g/L sugar mixture solutions, pH 5.5, and shift time of 36 h), lipid titer of 10.08 g/L with content of 55.30 % was achieved. Scaling up to a 5-L bioreactor increased lipid content to 60.07 % with 0.233 g/g yield. When Cryptococcus curvatus was cultured in the blends of rice hydrolysates and shrimp shells hydrolysate, lipid content and yield were 52.25 % and 0.204 g/g. The fatty acid compositions of lipid were similar to those of typical vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lipid fermentation of glucose was optimized by response surface methodology. • Glycerol-FeCl 3 pretreated straw with 96% cellulose recovery & 72% lignin removal. • 74.3% glucose yield was achieved at 20% solid loading and 3 FPU/g for 72 h. • High total lipid (8.8 g/L) with 0.17 g/g yield achieved from straw hydrolysates. • Recycled pretreated glycerol was fermented to lipid with 0.16 g/g lipid yield. Microbial lipids were produced by both rice straw hydrolysates and recycled pretreated glycerol. First, lipid fermentation of glucose via Cryptococcus curvatus was optimized by response surface methodology. Variables were selected by Plackett–Burman design, and optimized by central composite design, achieving 4.9 g/L total lipid and 0.16 g/g lipid yield, and increased further as glucose increased from 30 to 50 g/L. Secondly, after pretreatment, 72% lignin of rice straw was removed with glucose yield increased by 2.4 times to 74% at 20% substrate and 3 FPU/g. Subsequently, its hydrolysates produced high total lipid (8.8 g/L) and lipid yield (0.17 g/g). Finally, recycled glycerol reached the maximum total lipid of 7.2 g/L and high lipid yield of 0.16 g/g. Based on the calculation, 2.9 g total lipid would be produced from 1 g rice straw and the recycled glycerol, with a similar composition to soybean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biodiesel and lactic acid from rapeseed oil was produced using sodium silicate as catalyst. The transesterification in the presence of the catalyst proceeded with a maximum yield of 99.6% under optimized conditions [3% (w/w) sodium silicate, methanol/oil molar ratio 9/1, reaction time 60min, reaction temperature 60°C, and stirring rate 250rpm]. After six consecutive transesterification reactions, the catalyst was collected and used for catalysis of the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. A maximum yield of 80.5% was achieved when the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300°C for 90min. Thus, sodium silicate is an effective catalyst for transesterification and lactic acid production from the biodiesel by-product, glycerol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Glycerol and AlCl 3 pretreated rice straw for enhancing high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis at low cellulase loadings with adding Tween 80. • Glycerol-AlCl 3 pretreated rice straw at 146.8 °C, 20 min, 0.08 M AlCl 3. • It achieved 92% cellulose recovery, 83% lignin and 94% hemicellulose removal. • Destruction of straw structure was elucidated with many characterizations. • Glucose yield (74%) increased by 2.4 times that for original straw. • 66% glucose yield at 3.3 FPU/g was obtained by adding Tween 80. Rice straw was pretreated with glycerol and AlCl 3 for enzymatic hydrolysis at low cellulase loadings. Based on a central composite design, 83% delignification, 94% hemicellulose removal, and 92% cellulose recovery (or 76% cellulose in solid residue) were achieved under the optimized pretreatment conditions (0.08 mol/L AlCl 3 as catalyst at 146.8 °C for 20 min with 90% glycerol). During glycerol-AlCl 3 pretreatment, the lignin-carbohydrate complex was depolymerized, resulting in the complex and recalcitrant construction of straw effectively being destroyed. The enzyme adsorption ability of pretreated straw was 16.5 times that for the original sample. After pretreatment, glucose yield was increased by 2.4 times to 74% for 48 h. Moreover, concentrated solid (15%) with low cellulase loading (3.3 FPU/g dry substrate) achieved 58.6% glucose yield, and further increased by 12% to 65.7% by adding Tween 80. Glycerol-AlCl 3 pretreatment was a promising approach to realize high-concentrated solid hydrolysis for sugars at low cellulase loadings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel MV-mediated CEF system is proposed for efficient butanol production. • Methyl viologen supplement inhibits H 2 formation and enhances butanol production. • Exogenous butyric acid enhances butanol production in the MV-mediated CEF system. • Butanol selectivity from co-substrates of glucose and butyric acid achieves 90.44%. Butanol production by solventogenic Clostridia shows great potential to combat the energy crisis, but is still challenged by low butanol selectivity and high downstream cost. In this study, a novel cathodic electro-fermentation (CEF) system mediated by methyl viologen (MV) was proposed and sequentially optimized to obtain highly selective butanol production. Under the optimal conditions (−0.60 V cathode potential, 0.50 mM MV, 30 g/L glucose), 7.17 ± 0.55 g/L butanol production were achieved with the yield of 0.32 ± 0.02 g/g. With the supplement of 4 g/L butyric acid as co-substrate, butanol production further improved to 13.14 ± 1.14 g/L with butanol yield and selectivity as high as 0.43 ± 0.01 g/g and 90.44 ± 1.66%, respectively. The polarized electrode enabled the unbalanced fermentation towards butanol formation and MV further inhibited hydrogen production, both of which contributed to the high-level butanol production and selectivity. The MV-mediated CEF system is a promising approach for cost-effective bio-butanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two electron transfer pathways in R. pyridinivorans HR-1 MFC were identified. • As a pure strain MFC, HR-1 showed quick recovery of current after substrate exchange. • R. pyridinivorans strain HR-1 amplified the member of gram-positive exoelectrogen. • Co-existing biofilm and self-secreted electron shuttle were practical in real application. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) exhibits huge potentials in disposing wastewater and extra energy consumption. Exploring useful microorganisms for MFC is the crucial section. Herein, the electrochemical mechanism of extracellular anaerobic respiration in MFC inoculated with gram-positive Rhodococcus pyridinivorans HR-1, was first revealed. The MFC exhibited rapid recovery of currents on anode, and could recover to maximum output within one hour, with redox peaks near −0.38 and −0.18 V through electron transfer between the biofilm and anode. When the biofilm-based pathway was blocked by wrapping the anode with Millipore filter membrane, HR-1 inoculated MFC could still generate electricity within a longer recovery period (∼35 h) during anolyte exchange. This was proposed as a self-secreted electron shuttle pathway for electron transfer in R. pyridinivorans HR-1. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed that the biofilm-based and self-secreted electron shuttle-based pathways co-existed in R. pyridinivorans HR-1 inoculated MFC, which could play synergistic roles in electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An ureolytic HN-AD strain was isolated and identified as Acinetobacter sp. Z1. • Urea was the preferential nitrogen source of strain Z1 to other inorganic nitrogen. • Physiological conditions for strain Z1 growth were investigated and optimized. • Nitrogen metabolism of strain Z1 was interpreted by annotating complete genome. Although heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) is promising in nitrogen removal, it remains unclear for most HN-AD strains in physiological characteristics and metabolic mechanisms. In this study, a newly isolated strain Acinetobacter sp. Z1 converted not only inorganic nitrogen, but also organic nitrogen to N 2. Among them, urea was the preferential nitrogen substrate. Single-factor experiments showed that efficient HN-AD process occurred with acetate as carbon source, C/N ratios of 12 for NH 4 +-N and 15 for NO 3 –-N, pH 8, 30 °C, DO of ∼5.8 mg/L and salinity less than 1.5 %. Subsequently, response surface analysis was applied to predict the optimal growth conditions. Its complete genome annotation in combination with enzymatic activity assay and nitrogen balance calculation showed that at least four pathways involved in nitrogen metabolism. This work indicates that ureolytic strain Z1 could be prepared as bacterial agents with other HN-AD strains to treat urea-containing wastewater like urine from urban community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat straw was ball milling pretreated with NaOH particles for enzymatic hydrolysis. [Display omitted] • NaOH particles added during BM showed the best synergistic interaction effect. • NaOH-BM treatment decreased CrI and D50 by 1.1 and 6.9 - fold in 1 h, respectively. • Reducing-end concentration of cellulose increased by 3.8 times from 12.5 - 60.2 μM. • Glucose yield (82.4%) with 4 h NaOH BM treatment was 3.1 - fold that of raw straw. • Washing liquor was recycled for the re-treatment, reaching 99.4% glucose yield. Wheat straw was pretreated using ball milling (BM) promoted by solid particles (NaOH, NaCl, citric acid). NaOH showed the best synergistic interaction effect, due to the breakage of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds among cellulose molecules by the alkali solid particles induced by BM. NaOH-BM pretreatment decreased the straw crystallinity from 46% to 21.4% and its average particle size from 398.3 to 50.6 μm in 1 h. After 4 h milling, the reducing-end concentration of cellulose increased by 3.8 times from 12.5 to 60.2 μM, with glucose yield increased by 2.1 times from 26.6% to 82.4% for 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis at cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g dry substrate. The pretreatment washing liquor was recycled for the re-treatment of partially pretreated biomass at 121 °C for 30 min, resulting in 99.4% glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. BM assisted with alkali particles was an effective approach for improving biomass enzymatic saccharification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for DPKC-derived sugars. [•] Statistically optimized on total monosaccharide, 77.11% and mannose yield, 92.11%. [•] Ridge analysis was further conducted to verify the optimization parameters. [•] Established an effective microwave-assisted hydrolysis on DPKC to sugars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aromatic amines was produced from PF resins with 14.2 C% yield and 58% selectivity. Co-pyrolysis effectively enhanced aromatic amines yield by 32.2% to 11.8 C%. • Aromatic amines were produced from PF resins via catalytic pyrolysis with NH 3. • Commercial HZSM-5-3 (Si/Al of 80) zeolites performed high actively. • Acidity of catalyst played a key role for the animation of polymers with NH 3. • Co-pyrolysis effectively enhanced aromatic amines yield by 32.2%. • Synergy between PF resins and lignin increased simple phenols production. Aromatic amines could be produced from organic wastes via catalytic pyrolysis with ammonia that served not only as a carrier gas but also as a reactant. Aromatic amines of 14.2 C% with selectivity of 57.6% were obtained from phenol-formaldehyde resins via pyrolysis over commercial HZSM-5-3 zeolite (Si/Al ratio of 80) catalyst at 650 °C. Significant synergetic effects have been observed when lignin was added, which improved aromatic amines yield by 32.2% to 11.8 C% at the mixing weight ratio of lignin to PF resins of 1:1. HZSM-5-3 was slightly deactivated after 3 cycles with acid sites loss. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastics and biomass wastes is a fast and effective method to produce aromatic amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]