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In this work we establish the relationship between chemical glycosylation and protein thermodynamic, kinetic, and colloidal stability. While there have been reports in the literature that chemical glycosylation modulates protein stability, mechanistic details still remain uncertain. To address this issue, we designed and coupled monofunctional activated glycans (lactose and dextran) to the model protein alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT). This resulted in a series of glycoconjugates with variations in the glycan size and degree of glycosylation. Thermodynamic unfolding, thermal inactivation, and temperature-induced aggregation experiments revealed that chemical glycosylation increased protein thermodynamic (Delta G(25 degrees C)), kinetic (t(1/2)(45 degrees C)), and colloidal stability. These results highlight the potential of chemical glycosylation with monofunctional activated glycans as a technology for increasing the long-term stability of liquid protein formulations for industrial and biotherapeutic applications., (Copyright 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Enzymes are attractive catalysts for the production of optically active compounds in organic solvents. However, their often low catalytic activity in such applications hampers their practical use. To overcome this, we investigated the effectiveness of the covalent modification of alpha-chymotrypsin with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a Mw of 5,000 to enhance its activity. The model transesterification reaction between sec-phenethyl alcohol and vinyl butyrate in various neat dry organic solvents and at a controlled water activity of 0.008 in two solvents was employed to measure the effect of PEGylation on activity and enantioselectivity. Synthesis conditions were varied to obtain various conjugates with average molar ratios of PEG-to-chymotrypsin ranging from ca. 1 to 7. While the enantioselectivity increased only modestly from ca. 4.4 to 6.1 when averaging results in all solvents, PEG was very efficient in increasing the activity of alpha-chymotrypsin up to more than 400-fold compared to that of the powder lyophilized from buffer alone. The activity increase was more pronounced in apolar than in polar organic solvents and also depended on the amount of PEG bound to the enzyme. For example, the activity of the modified enzyme towards the most reactive "S" enantiomer in octane increased 440-fold but increasing the molar ratio of PEG-to-enzyme from 1.1 to 7.1 resulted in a more than twofold decrease in enzyme activity. Controlling the water activity did not prevent the drop in activity. To investigate the possible origin of the activity changes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted. It was found that PEGylation reduced lyophilization-induced structural perturbations, but exposure to the organic solvents caused structural perturbations. These perturbations were more pronounced in polar than in apolar solvents. The pronounced activity drop in polar solvents at increasing PEG-modification levels correlated with an increasing level of solvent-induced structural perturbations. This correlation was less pronounced in apolar solvents where both, activity drop and structural perturbations, were less pronounced at increasing PEGylation levels. In summary, PEG-modified alpha-chymotrypsin might be an interesting system to catalyze reactions, particularly in apolar organic solvents., (2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)