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Background.Active immunotherapy relies on the patient's immune system for induction of an effective immune response. Not only the frequency, number and exhaustion or activation status of CD8 T cells is important for an efficacious tumor cell lysis, but the quality, number and distribution of different antigen presenting cells is of equal importance. Vididencel is an allogeneic leukemia-derived dendritic cell vaccine used in AML patients in first complete remission (CR1/CRi), but with MRD positivity, to mount an immune response through intradermal vaccination (ADVANCE-II, Clintrials.gov: NCT03697707). Intradermal vaccination is known to induce a specific immune response, by recruitment of skin and blood derived dendritic cells, which process antigen and present them to the immune system (Zuo et al., 2021). In this study circulating dendritic cells and monocytes have been investigated before and during vaccination to investigate the effect of vididencel treatment on the composition of antigen presenting cells in relation to clinical responses.

Background.Maintaining remission in AML after intensive chemotherapy continues to be a challenge, specifically in patients with measurable residual disease (MRD+). Immunotherapy could be an effective way to induce durable disease control for patients in remission. This phase 2 study used an allogenic leukemia-derived dendritic cell vaccine to induce an effective anti-leukemic response to control or eradicated MRD, leading to durable disease control. (ADVANCE-II, Clintrials.gov: NCT03697707).