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Top research universities like Stanford and Harvard have raised concerns about the potential negative impacts of the Trump administration's cuts to federal funding from the National Institutes of Health. The cuts specifically target reimbursements for indirect costs such as laboratory expenses, which could result in significant reductions in funding for medical care and scientific innovation. The universities warn that these reductions could slow down the discovery of new treatments and compromise the nation's science and engineering capabilities. The Trump administration's actions are part of a broader trend of targeting universities, with concerns raised about potential violations of federal laws and investigations into issues like discrimination and free speech on campus. [Extracted from the article]

Top research universities like Stanford and Harvard have expressed concerns over the potential negative impacts of the Trump administration's cuts to federal funding from the National Institutes of Health. These cuts could lead to a significant reduction in funding for medical care, scientific innovation, and research activities. The universities warn that such cuts could slow down the discovery of new treatments and compromise the nation's science and engineering capabilities. Additionally, the Trump administration's actions are part of a broader trend of targeting universities, which receive substantial federal funding annually. [Extracted from the article]

Top research universities like Stanford and Harvard are warning of significant impacts on medical care and scientific innovation due to the Trump Administration's cuts to federal funding from the National Institutes of Health. The cuts will affect the reimbursement universities receive for expenses like laboratory buildings and staff, with Stanford estimating a reduction of $160 million in NIH funding annually. This move is part of a broader trend of the Trump Administration targeting universities, which receive billions of dollars in federal funding each year, potentially slowing down the discovery of new treatments and compromising the nation's science and engineering capabilities. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University is facing a lawsuit from three former University of Pennsylvania female swimmers who allege discrimination after a transgender teammate, Lia Thomas, won races in the Ivy League championship in 2022. The lawsuit claims that Harvard, Penn, the NCAA, and the Ivy League violated federal law by allowing Thomas, a transgender swimmer, to compete in women's races. This case has sparked controversy and legal battles over transgender eligibility policies in sports, with President Donald Trump also taking action to restrict transgender women from participating in female sports. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University is facing a lawsuit from three former University of Pennsylvania female swimmers who allege discrimination after a transgender teammate, Lia Thomas, won races in the Ivy League championship in 2022. The lawsuit claims that Harvard, Penn, the NCAA, and the Ivy League violated federal law by allowing Thomas to compete. This case is part of a broader national debate on transgender rights and sports participation, with implications for Title IX regulations and NCAA policies. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University is facing a lawsuit from three former swimmers at the University of Pennsylvania who allege discrimination for allowing a transgender teammate, Lia Thomas, to compete in women's swimming events. The lawsuit claims that Harvard, Penn, the NCAA, and the Ivy League violated federal law protecting equal opportunity. The case is part of a broader debate on transgender rights in sports and comes amidst changes in college sports programs following a Supreme Court ruling allowing student-athletes to profit from their name, image, and likeness. [Extracted from the article]

The Harvard Law Review has appointed Gregory Terrell Seabrooks, a Black Princeton University graduate, as its 139th president, following in the footsteps of notable Black alumni like President Barack Obama. This decision comes at a time when the number of first-year Black students at Harvard Law has decreased, with only 3.4% of students in the latest class being Black. The decline in Black student enrollment is attributed to the 2023 Supreme Court decision that limited the consideration of race in admissions at US universities. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the evolving role of central banks in the global economy, highlighting the increased prominence of central bankers like Ben Bernanke and Mario Draghi. It explores the debate surrounding central bank independence, with critics arguing that it undermines democratic principles. The author, Leah Downey, questions the merits of central bank independence and advocates for more democratic oversight of monetary policy. The article presents various perspectives on central bank independence and its implications for economic policymaking and democracy. [Extracted from the article]

US universities, including Harvard and Yale, are bracing for potential disruptions to federal funding for scientific research following a memo from President Trump's acting budget director. The memo directs agencies to halt grants and loans while compliance with recent executive orders is reviewed. While a federal judge temporarily blocked the freeze, universities are preparing for potential impacts on research activities and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion efforts. The University of Texas at Austin stated it will not pause federally funded research, while other institutions are assessing the impact of the orders on their operations. [Extracted from the article]

US universities, including Harvard and the University of Chicago, are bracing for potential disruptions in federal funding for research following a memo from President Trump's acting budget director. The memo directs agencies to review spending compliance with recent executive orders, leading to concerns about the impact on scientific research and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion efforts. While some schools have already taken precautionary measures, the full extent of the impact remains uncertain as universities await further guidance from federal agencies and courts. [Extracted from the article]

US universities are grappling with a directive from the Trump administration that aims to halt federal grants and loans, potentially disrupting higher education funding, particularly for scientific research. While a federal judge has temporarily blocked the freeze, schools like the University of Chicago and Harvard University are taking precautions. The impact of this directive on research activities and funding from various federal agencies remains uncertain, prompting universities to seek guidance and prepare for potential changes. The potential implications of these actions on scientific advancement and educational opportunities are a cause for concern among university leaders and stakeholders. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University Professor Ken Rogoff warns that President Donald Trump's plans to boost the US economy may face obstacles due to counterproductive policies such as tariffs and untaxed social security. Rogoff believes that Trump's second term policies may not have the same positive impact as his first term, citing constraints and changing economic conditions. Other experts, like former IMF chief economist Raghuram Rajan, also express concerns about credit card delinquencies and the end of the student debt moratorium affecting the US economy. The Federal Reserve's next move is uncertain, with Rogoff suggesting that the odds of a rate hike are equal to a rate cut. [Extracted from the article]

Gabon's military leader, Brice Oligui Nguema, has appointed Mark Doumba, a Harvard-educated entrepreneur, as the new economy minister to address the country's debt issues. The World Bank recently suspended disbursements to Gabon due to arrears, and the country faces significant bond maturities in the coming years. Nguema, who took power in a 2023 coup, is expected to stabilize the economy before the upcoming presidential elections. Additionally, Gabon's Minister of Public Accounts now oversees debt management, while the former economy minister leads the environment ministry, known for pioneering debt-for-nature swaps in Africa. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University has hired the lobbying firm Ballard Partners, which has ties to key advisers of President-elect Donald Trump, to provide government relations and advocacy services. The Ivy League school's decision comes amid scrutiny over its $53 billion endowment, free speech on campus, and handling of antisemitism issues. Harvard's move has drawn criticism from various stakeholders, including conservative activist Christopher Rufo, who has called for federal funding threats if the university does not eliminate diversity and equity programs. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University has hired a lobbying firm, Ballard Partners, with ties to key advisers of President-elect Donald Trump to address issues such as its endowment, free speech, and antisemitism. The firm's previous partner, Susie Wiles, co-chaired Trump's campaign, and Trump's nominee for US attorney general, Pam Bondi, also worked at Ballard. Harvard has faced criticism for its handling of antisemitism and student protests related to the Hamas attack on Israel. Conservative activist Christopher Rufo has called for federal funding threats if Harvard does not change its diversity and equity programs. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the hidden health costs of wildfire smoke from the LA fires, which have led to some of the world's worst air quality. The smoke contains harmful pollutants that can cause respiratory problems, increase susceptibility to diseases like Covid-19, and have long-term impacts on health. The economic toll of the fires is projected to be significant, with billions in insured losses and hidden health-related costs annually in the US. Recommendations include monitoring air quality, wearing masks, and using air purifiers to reduce the risk of smoke inhalation. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the hidden health costs of wildfire smoke from the LA fires, which have caused some of the world's worst air quality. The smoke contains dangerous pollutants that can lead to respiratory problems, increase susceptibility to diseases like Covid-19, and have long-term impacts on health. The economic toll of the fires is projected to be significant, with billions in hidden health-linked costs annually in the US alone. The article also provides recommendations for individuals to monitor air quality and protect themselves from smoke inhalation. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard graduates Nicole Mao and Yiwei Zhu founded Tiger New Energy in Bangladesh, offering a battery-swapping network for electric rickshaws. The startup aims to make rickshaw drivers' lives easier by allowing them to quickly swap to fresh batteries on the go, increasing their efficiency and revenue. The company, which almost never came to be, has received funding and plans to expand its network of swapping stations to 2,000 after 2025, with aspirations to enter Nepal and West Bengal in India. Despite challenges such as a tumultuous political climate, the startup ecosystem in Bangladesh is seen as thriving, with local firms raising close to $1 billion since 2013. [Extracted from the article]

Swiss prosecutors have indicted Lombard Odier & Cie and a former employee for aggravated money laundering in connection to a bribery scandal involving Gulnara Karimova, the daughter of late Uzbek president Islam Karimov. The bank is accused of enabling the concealment of proceeds from 'The Office' set up by Karimova, deemed a criminal organization. The probe began in 2017, with prosecutors alleging that the bank failed to comply with anti-money laundering standards in managing nine bank accounts central to the case. The scandal has persisted for over a decade, with frozen assets totaling more than 800 million Swiss francs. [Extracted from the article]

Swiss prosecutors have indicted Lombard Odier & Cie and a former employee for aggravated money laundering in connection with a bribery scandal involving Gulnara Karimova, the daughter of late Uzbek president Islam Karimov. The bank is accused of enabling the concealment of proceeds from 'The Office' set up by Karimova, deemed a criminal organization. The former employee allegedly opened nine bank accounts to receive funds derived from criminal activities, leading to charges of aggravated money laundering. The scandal has spanned over a decade, with more than 800 million Swiss francs frozen in the case. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses President-elect Donald Trump's team's plan to cut federal funding for universities that do not eliminate diversity and equity programs. Conservative activist Christopher Rufo is set to present a proposal to tie federal funding to ending these programs at public and private universities, potentially affecting Ivy League colleges that receive billions in federal funds. The proposal aims to prevent universities from favoring specific racial, ethnic, or gender groups, citing violations of equal protection laws. The article also highlights the broader assault on culture-war issues that Trump's administration is considering, including denying federal contracts to companies that do not end diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Ananda Krishnan, a prominent Malaysian billionaire known for reshaping Kuala Lumpur's skyline, has passed away at the age of 86. Throughout his career, Krishnan made significant contributions to nation-building and the corporate world, amassing a fortune estimated at $3.8 billion. He was involved in various industries, from petroleum to entertainment, and was instrumental in the development of the Petronas Towers, the world's tallest twin buildings. Krishnan's philanthropic efforts, including organizing the 1985 Live Aid concert with Bob Geldof, touched many lives and left a lasting impact on Malaysia and beyond. [Extracted from the article]

Ananda Krishnan, a prominent Malaysian billionaire known for his diverse business ventures and philanthropic contributions, has passed away at the age of 86. Rising from an oil trader to a successful dealmaker, Krishnan's legacy includes bankrolling the 1985 Live Aid concert. With a fortune estimated at $3.8 billion as of August 2024, he leaves behind a lasting impact on Malaysia's economic landscape. [Extracted from the article]

Hazem Ben-Gacem, former co-CEO of Investcorp Holdings, is reportedly launching a $1 billion permanent capital fund called BlueFive Capital to invest in financial services firms across the Global South. The fund will focus on insurance, private wealth, and public-market brokerage firms, with initial investments planned in Southeast Asia and Gulf Cooperation Council nations. Ben-Gacem aims to transform BlueFive into a $25 billion entity over five years, leveraging his extensive network and experience in the industry. The fund reflects the growing interest in the Middle East's economic diversification and its expanding trade relationships with regions like Latin America and Asia. [Extracted from the article]

Botswana's ruling party, the Botswana Democratic Party, lost parliamentary elections after 58 years in power due to economic challenges, including a downturn in the diamond market and high unemployment rates. The Umbrella for Democratic Change, led by human rights lawyer Duma Boko, is on track to secure a majority in the legislature. Dissatisfaction with democracy has grown in Botswana, with only 30% of respondents expressing satisfaction, down from 70% a decade ago. The final election results are awaited, with the winning party having the right to select a president and form a new government. [Extracted from the article]

Republican lawmakers have criticized Harvard, Northwestern, and Columbia for their responses to protests following the Hamas attack on Israel. A 325-page report by the House Education and the Workforce committee highlighted perceived failures by these elite schools to address antisemitism amid the turmoil. The investigation scrutinized Harvard officials' responses, including accusations of unsupportive behavior towards the Jewish community and Israel. The report also detailed discussions at other universities affected by protests, such as UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania. Campus protests intensified during the Israel-Hamas conflict, leading to crackdowns and suspensions at some institutions. [Extracted from the article]

Republican lawmakers have criticized Harvard, Northwestern, and Columbia for their responses to protests following the Hamas attack on Israel. A 325-page report by the House Education and the Workforce committee highlighted perceived failures by these elite schools to address antisemitism amid the turmoil. The investigation scrutinized Harvard officials' responses, including accusations of unsupportive behavior towards the Jewish community and Israel. The report also detailed protests at other universities, such as UCLA and Northwestern, and their responses to student demands related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [Extracted from the article]

Republican lawmakers are pressuring elite universities like Harvard, Northwestern, and Columbia to address antisemitism following protests related to the Hamas attack on Israel. A 325-page report by the House Education and the Workforce committee criticized Harvard officials for their responses, particularly former President Claudine Gay. The report also highlighted issues at other universities, such as UCLA and Northwestern, regarding protests and responses to the Israel-Hamas conflict. Campus tensions escalated during the Israel-Hamas war, leading to crackdowns and suspensions at some institutions. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University experienced a 15% decrease in donations, totaling less than $1.2 billion, due to alumni dissatisfaction with the handling of antisemitism on campus. The university's endowment, valued at $53.2 billion, saw a 9.6% investment return, providing financial stability amidst rising costs. Harvard's current president is working to repair relationships with donors and alumni following a tumultuous period, with hopes for improved fundraising in the future. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University experienced a decrease in donations following alumni backlash over the handling of antisemitism on campus, with cash gifts falling by about 15% to less than $1.2 billion. The university's $53 billion endowment helped offset the financial impact, but the Chief Financial Officer warned of the need to control rising costs. The turmoil on campus, stemming from events related to Hamas and Israel, led to the resignation of the former president and ongoing scrutiny of Harvard's response to antisemitism. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University President Alan Garber expressed disappointment in the school's fundraising efforts following campus turmoil over the past year. The university is set to release an annual financial report that covers the period after the Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023, which led to criticism of Harvard's handling of protests and incidents of antisemitism. Some alumni and donors have halted gifts as a result. Despite Harvard's historically successful fundraising, recent commitments have been underwhelming compared to previous years. Garber is working to repair relationships with donors and alumni through new policies and improved communication. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University President Alan Garber expressed disappointment in the school's fundraising efforts following campus turmoil over the past year. The university is set to release an annual financial report that covers the period after the Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023, which led to criticism of Harvard's handling of protests and incidents of antisemitism. Some alumni and donors have halted gifts as a result. Despite Harvard's historically successful fundraising, recent commitments have been underwhelming compared to previous years. Garber is working to repair relationships with donors and alumni through new policies and improved communication. [Extracted from the article]

A new study by Harvard University researchers suggests that the actual cost of using green hydrogen, which is often seen as a low-carbon solution, may be higher than previously estimated. The study highlights the significant storage and distribution costs associated with hydrogen, which are often overlooked in cost estimates. These costs could make hydrogen a prohibitively expensive option for decarbonizing many major sectors. While hydrogen has been touted as a tool to reduce carbon emissions in industries like steelmaking and long-distance transport, the study challenges the idea that it will become an affordable alternative to fossil fuels. The researchers argue that government support should also be directed towards alternative approaches such as advanced biofuels and advanced battery storage. [Extracted from the article]

A new study by Harvard University researchers suggests that the actual cost of using green hydrogen, which is often seen as a low-carbon solution, may be higher than previously estimated. The study highlights the significant storage and distribution costs associated with hydrogen, which are often overlooked in cost estimates. These costs could make hydrogen a prohibitively expensive option for decarbonizing many major sectors. While hydrogen has been touted as a tool to reduce carbon emissions in industries like steelmaking and long-distance transport, the study challenges the idea that it will become an affordable option. The researchers argue that alternative approaches, such as advanced biofuels and advanced battery storage, should also be supported alongside hydrogen. [Extracted from the article]

Film director Peter Jackson and producer Fran Walsh have invested $10 million in de-extinction startup Colossal Biosciences Inc. The company aims to bring back extinct species such as the dodo and woolly mammoth. Jackson's investment brings the total raised by Colossal to $235 million. While the concept of de-extinction has drawn skepticism, investors like Winklevoss Capital Management and Paris Hilton have already seen returns from Colossal's spinoffs. The company also plans to launch the Colossal Foundation, a nonprofit focused on aiding conservation efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University's endowment fund, valued at $50.7 billion as of June 2023, is the largest of any university in the world. The fund's growth can be attributed to the vision of Jack Meyer, who oversaw it for over a decade and embraced risk, leading to significant returns. However, in recent years, Harvard's endowment has faced challenges and lagging returns, losing its edge to competitors. The constant change in leadership and strategy, as well as scrutiny over compensation packages, has contributed to this decline. Despite these struggles, Harvard still maintains the largest endowment fund globally. [Extracted from the article]

Adrian Cheng, the scion of one of Hong Kong's wealthiest families, has stepped down as the third-generation leader of New World Development Co., a prominent business dynasty. This move is surprising in a city where real estate families rarely hand over control to outsiders. Cheng's father, Henry Cheng, has taken a more active role in the family's business empire, and the company's chief operating officer, who is not a member of the Cheng family, has been appointed as the new leader. The decision comes as New World faces financial difficulties, with sinking deeper into debt and posting its first annual net loss in 20 years. Cheng's resignation highlights the pressure faced by third-generation successors of family empires, especially during economic downturns. [Extracted from the article]

The University of Chicago has received a $100 million donation to support free expression, following a period of campus unrest related to the Israel-Hamas conflict. The anonymous donor wants the institution to be celebrated rather than themselves. Many elite colleges have faced criticism for tolerating hate speech against Jews and Israel while censoring conservative voices. The University of Chicago aims to promote open debate and institutional neutrality through its Forum for Free Inquiry and Expression, which will be supported by the donation. The gift will fund programs such as talks on controversial topics and faculty research, and will also help other schools navigate campus tensions. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University has reported a decline in the number of first-year Black students following a US Supreme Court ruling that prohibited colleges from considering race in admissions. The percentage of African American or Black students in the new class of first-year undergraduates dropped from 18% to 14%, while Hispanic or Latino students increased by 2 percentage points to 16%. Asian American students remained steady at 37%. This ruling has forced colleges to reconsider how they promote diversity, as Black and Hispanic admissions had previously increased under affirmative action, while Asian American students were seen as being penalized. However, the trend varied among different institutions, with some reporting a decline in Black students but a rise in Asian American students. Harvard stated its commitment to serving students from diverse backgrounds and emphasized the importance of bringing together students with varied perspectives. The university was a defendant in the Supreme Court case, along with the University of North Carolina. The ruling allowed universities to consider how race affected individual applicants' lives. Harvard made changes to its essay requirements and included a question about how applicants' experiences have shaped them. However, this year, admissions readers did not have access to applicants' self-reported answers about race and ethnicity. Harvard and other elite schools have also announced the reintroduction of standardized testing requirements for applicants in 2025, which may impact future diversity. Harvard has implemented a rural recruitment initiative and other programs to attract minority applicants and first-generation college students. The incoming class of 2028 includes 21% of students who qualified [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: 13347Z; BSFO; ALLTOP; BON; BUSINESS; COS; FIN; FRX; GLOBALMACR; GOV; INDUSTRIES; MARKETS; NORTHAM; REL; US; WORLD; WWTOP EN 13347Z BSFO ALLTOP BON BUSINESS COS FIN FRX GLOBALMACR GOV INDUSTRIES MARKETS NORTHAM REL US WORLD WWTOP RH8NO3T1UM0X "We are in a period where inflation is likely to be high for a while, at least for another year or two", IMF First Deputy Managing Director Gita Gopinath said in an interview on Bloomberg Television. In his keynote speech Friday, Fed Chair Jerome Powell warned that policy rates must rise and then stay high for some time, echoing a series of statements earlier in the day from his colleagues that rates must become restrictive until prices begin to cool. Furman Says Fed Should Raise Inflation Goal (3:02 p.m.) The Fed and other central banks should consider declaring victory on their price-stability goals once inflation returns to 3%, Harvard economics professor Jason Furman said Friday during the Fed's annual conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extracted from the article]

(All times New York) Furman Says Fed Should Raise Inflation Goal (3:02 p.m.) The Fed and other central banks should consider declaring victory on their price-stability goals once inflation returns to 3%, Harvard economics professor Jason Furman said Friday during the Fed's annual conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. In his keynote speech Friday, Fed Chair Jerome Powell warned that policy rates must rise and then stay high for some time, echoing a series of statements earlier in the day from his colleagues that rates must become restrictive until prices begin to cool. Many central banks, including the Fed, have adopted a 2% inflation target in recent decades. [Extracted from the article]

Pita Limjaroenrat, a popular Thai politician and former leader of the disbanded Move Forward Party, is returning to Harvard University as a Democracy Fellow at the Kennedy School. Pita plans to share his experiences from a period of political turmoil in Thailand and mentor future leaders during his two-semester fellowship. He was inspired by former New Zealand leader Jacinda Ardern and hopes to return to the political arena after his 10-year ban from politics expires. Pita's party was dissolved after winning the most parliamentary seats in the general election, facing opposition from pro-royalist parties. [Extracted from the article]

SpaceX is set to launch the Tanager-1 satellite, developed by Planet Labs PBC with technology from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The satellite, funded by the nonprofit Carbon Mapper, will track methane and carbon dioxide emissions from individual facilities, focusing on "super emitters" such as oil and gas wells, large livestock operations, landfills, and industrial refineries. The data collected by the satellite will be made available to the public and could be used to hold polluters accountable and inform government regulations. Carbon Mapper plans to deploy a constellation of satellites to observe up to 90% of major sources of emissions globally. [Extracted from the article]

Harvard University has appointed John Manning, a conservative lawyer and scholar of federal courts and administrative law, as its permanent provost. Manning, who has a background in the Justice Department and clerkships with US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and Judge Robert Bork, will oversee academic policies at the university. This appointment comes as Harvard has been undergoing leadership changes and facing scrutiny from Congress. Manning's conservative stance and background are seen as a departure from the prevailing liberal perspective at Harvard, according to professor Steven Pinker. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses how President Xi Jinping's tightening control of society in China is making it more difficult for foreigners to access the country. This is reflected in the decline of American students studying in China, the termination of the Fulbright program, and the decreased exchange between the two countries. The article also mentions Tim Walz, the current governor of Minnesota, who taught English in China in the 1980s. Despite his positive experience, the article highlights the current challenges faced by foreigners in accessing China and the impact on cultural exchanges. [Extracted from the article]

Thailand's Constitutional Court has dissolved the country's largest opposition party, Move Forward, for violating election rules with its campaign to amend a strict royal defamation law. The Election Commission sought the party's dissolution earlier this year, claiming that their attempt to amend the law was an effort to overthrow the constitutional monarchy. This decision could lead to further political unrest in Thailand, and comes at a time when investors are already leaving the country. Move Forward gained popularity in last year's election, appealing to young urban voters who were dissatisfied with the military-backed administrations. [Extracted from the article]

2U, the owner of the edX online education platform, has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company has entered into an agreement with its creditors to reduce its debt by over 50% and receive fresh capital. After the restructuring process, 2U expects to emerge as a private company backed by its existing lenders and noteholders. The company will continue its educational programs and services as normal during this time. [Extracted from the article]

Elite US universities, including Ivy League schools, Stanford, and MIT, are facing pressure to balance their spending needs as returns on private equity investments decline. A study by Markov Processes International analyzed the private equity portfolios and liquidity positions of 10 top universities and found that they may need to find alternative sources of cash to cover future spending needs. This could include relying more on liquid holdings of public stocks and bonds, selling private equity positions at a discount, or even issuing debt. The endowments of Brown, Harvard, and Princeton face higher liquidity challenges compared to their peers. [Extracted from the article]