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Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is one of the commonest causes of hospital visit in the neonatal period. When severe, it is a leading cause of irreversible neurological and musculoskeletal disability. Prompt recognition and timely interventions are imperative for a drastic reduction in complications associated with severe hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns., Methods: We report a 4-year descriptive and longitudinal study to determine the causes, clinical presentations and long-term outcomes in newborns admitted for severe neonatal jaundice., Methods: Newborns admitted and managed for severe neonatal jaundice at the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital during a 4-year period were enrolled and followed up for 2 years., Results: A total of 1920 newborns were admitted during the study period and 48 were managed for severe hyperbilirubinaemia giving an in-hospital incidence rate of 25 (95% CI 18-32) per 1000 admitted newborns. The mean age of onset was 3.4 ± 0.5 days (range 1-8 days) and hospital presentation from time of first notice was 4.3 ± 0.4 days (range 1-9 days). The total and unconjugated admission serum bilirubin ranged from 7.1 to 71.1 (mean 26 ± 2.5 mg/dl) and 4.2 to 46.3 mg/dl (mean 18.3 ± 9.2) respectively. Earliest sign of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns were: refusal to suck (15.2%) and depressed primitive reflexes (24.5%) while the commonest signs included high pitch cry (11.9%), convulsion and stiffness (6.9%) and vomiting (6.3%) in addition to the former signs. The major causes of severe hyperbilirubinaemia were idiopathic (33.3%), sepsis (35.3%), ABO incompatibility (17.6%) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (11.8%). Long-term sequelae on follow-up included delayed developmental milestone attainment, postural deformities, visual and seizure disorders., Conclusions: There is urgent need for continued education for mothers, families and healthcare workers on the danger newborns with jaundice could face if not brought early to the hospital for timely diagnosis and management.

Background: There is little data on responses to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) among HIV-infected children in the West African region. We describe treatment outcomes among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected children initiating cART in a research clinic in The Gambia, West Africa., Methods: All treatment naive HIV-infected children who initiated cART according to the WHO ART guidelines for children between October 2004 and December 2009 were included in the analysis. Kaplan-Meir estimates and sign-rank test were used to investigate the responses to treatment., Results: 65 HIV-1 and five HIV-2 infected children aged < 15 years were initiated on cART over this time period. HIV-1 infected children were treated with a combination of Zidovudine or Stavudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine or Efavirenz while children with HIV-2 were treated with Zidovudine + Lamivudine + ritonavir-boosted Lopinavir. HIV-1 infected children were followed-up for a median (IQR) duration of 20.1 months (6.9 - 34.3), with their median (IQR) age at treatment initiation, CD4% and plasma viral load at baseline found to be 4.9 years (2.1 - 9.1), 13.0% (7.0 - 16.0) and 5.4 log10 copies/ml (4.4 - 6.0) respectively. The median age at treatment initiation of the five HIV-2 infected children was 12 years (range: 4.6 - 14.0) while their median baseline CD4+ T cell count and HIV-2 viral load were 140 cells/mm3 (Range: 40 - 570 cells/mm3) and 4.5 log10copies/mL (Range: 3.1 - 4.9 log10copies/mL) respectively.Among HIV-1 infected children <5 years of age at ART initiation, the median (IQR) increases in CD4% from baseline to 12, 24 and 36 months were 14% (8 - 19; P = 0.0004), 21% (15 - 22; P = 0.005) and 15% (15 - 25; P = 0.0422) respectively, while the median (IQR) increase in absolute CD4 T cell count from baseline to 12, 24 and 36 months for those ≥5 years at ART initiation were 470 cells/mm3 (270 - 650; P = 0.0005), 230 cells/mm3 (30 - 610; P = 0.0196) and 615 cells/mm3 (250 - 1060; P = 0.0180) respectively. The proportions of children achieving undetectable HIV-1 viral load at 6-, 12-, 24- and 36 months of treatment were 24/38 (63.2%), 20/36 (55.6%), 8/22 (36.4%) and 7/12 (58.3%) respectively. The probability of survival among HIV-1 infected children after 12 months on ART was 89.9% (95% CI 78.8 - 95.3). CD4 T cell recovery was sub-optimal in all the HIV-2 infected children and none achieved virologic suppression. Two of the HIV-2 infected children died within 6 months of starting treatment while the remaining three were lost to follow-up., Conclusions: The beneficial effects of cART among HIV-1 infected children in our setting are sustained in the first 24 months of treatment with a significant improvement in survival experience up to 36 months; however the outcome was poor in the few HIV-2 infected children initiated on cART.

Background: Aboriginal children in remote Australia have high rates of complicated middle ear disease associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae and other pathogens. We assessed the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination for prevention of otitis media in this setting., Methods: We compared two birth cohorts, one enrolled before (1996-2001), and the second enrolled after introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate and booster 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (2001-2004). Source populations were the same for both cohorts. Detailed examinations including tympanometry, video-recorded pneumatic otoscopy and collection of discharge from tympanic membrane perforations, were performed as soon as possible after birth and then at regular intervals until 24 months of life. Analyses (survival, point prevalence and incidence) were adjusted for confounding factors and repeated measures with sensitivity analyses of differential follow-up., Results: Ninety-seven vaccinees and 51 comparison participants were enrolled. By age 6 months, 96% (81/84) of vaccinees and 100% (41/41) of comparison subjects experienced otitis media with effusion (OME), and by 12 months 89% and 88% experienced acute otitis media (AOM), 34% and 35% experienced tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) and 14% and 23% experienced chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Age at the first episode of OME, AOM, TMP and CSOM was not significantly different between the two groups. Adjusted incidence of AOM (incidence rate ratio: 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-1.13]) and TMP (incidence rate ratio: 0.63 [0.36-1.11]) was not significantly reduced in vaccinees. Vaccinees experienced less recurrent TMP, 9% (8/95) versus 22% (11/51), (odds ratio: 0.33 [0.11-1.00])., Conclusion: Results of this study should be interpreted with caution due to potential bias and confounding. It appears that introduction of pneumococcal vaccination among Aboriginal infants was not associated with significant changes in prevalence or age of onset of different OM outcomes or the incidence of AOM or TMP. Vaccinees appeared to experience reduced recurrence of TMP. Ongoing high rates of complicated OM necessitate additional strategies to prevent ear disease in this population.