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Background: Globally, at least 3 million TB patients are missed every year. In Zambia, the TB treatment coverage increased from 66% in 2020 to 92% in 2022. Involvement of all levels of health care service delivery is critical to finding all the missing TB patients., Methods: A survey was undertaken in 15 private facilities in Lusaka district of Zambia using a structured tool administered by project team and a district health team member. Data collected during the survey was analysed and results were used to determine the type of TB services that were offered as well as barriers and enablers to TB service provision. This was followed by a set of interventions that included; training and mentorship on active case finding and systematic TB screening, increased diagnostic capacity, provision of national recording and reporting tools and provision of TB medication through linkage with the National TB program (NTP). We report findings from the baseline survey and changes in presumptive TB identification and notification following interventions., Results: Major barriers to TB service delivery were the high cost of TB diagnostic testing and treatment in facilities where services were not supported by the National TB program; the mean cost was 33 (SD 33) and 93 (SD 148) for GeneXpert testing and a full course of treatment respectively. Pre-intervention, presumptive TB identification appeared to increase monthly by 4 (P = 0.000, CI=[3.00-5.00]). The monthly trends of presumptive TB identification during the intervention period increased by 5.32 (P = 0.000, [CI 4.31-6.33. Pre-intervention, the notification of TB appeared to decrease every month by -4.0 (P = 0.114, CI=[-9.00-0.10]) followed by an immediate increase in notifications of 13.94 TB patients (P = 0.001, CI [6.51, 21.36] in the first month on intervention. The monthly trends of notification during the intervention period changed by 0.34 (P = 0.000 [CI 0.19-0.48]). Private facility contribution to TB notification increased from 3 to 7%., Conclusion: Engagement and inclusion of private health facilities in TB service provision through a systems strengthening approach can increase contribution to TB notification by private health facilities., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Uptake of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) among People Living with HIV in Zambia has continued to be low despite various evidence for its added benefit in reducing TB incidence and mortality when taken with antiretroviral therapy. In 2017, only 18% of People Living with HIV newly enrolled in care were initiated on IPT in Zambia., Main Text: Various challenges including policy and management level factors, supply chain factors, health worker perceptions about IPT, monitoring and evaluation factors and limited demand creation activities have constrained the scale up of IPT in Zambia. Lessons that have been learnt while addressing the above challenges are shared and they can be applied by government ministries, project managers, public health specialists to strengthen IPT activities in their settings., Conclusion: Zambia has both a high burden of TB and HIV and without preventing new cases of TB from reactivation of latent TB infection, it will be difficult to control TB. All stakeholders involved in prevention of TB among PLHIV need to commit to addressing the challenges limiting scale up of IPT.