Search

Abstract Introduction The 21st century was marked by a dramatic increase in adolescent e-cigarette use in the United States (US). The popularity of non-traditional flavor types, including fruit and pastry, is thought to contribute toward growing product use nationally, leading to a variety of federal and state regulations limiting the use of non-traditional flavors in the US. The relationship between flavor type and increased adolescent use suggests a possible link between flavor use and addiction and harm perception. This study assessed if the flavor type used when initiating e-cigarette use predicted addiction and harm perceptions. Methods The study utilized data from the multi-wave youth Population Assessment of Tobacco Health Study. It explored the impact initiating e-cigarette use with traditional versus non-traditional flavor types among cigarette users on the outcome variables: e-cigarette addiction and harm perception. Both e-cigarette addiction and harm perception were measured using self-report, Likert scale questionnaires. Descriptive statistics characterized the study variables and linear regression analyses performed to test whether flavor initiation type is associated with addiction and harm perception. Results The study sample consisted of 1,043 youth (weighted N = 1,873,617) aged 12 to 17 years who reported at least one instance of e-cigarette use. After adjusting for age, age of onset, sex, race and annual household income there was no statistically significant difference in addiction levels between those initiating with traditional versus non-traditional flavors (p = 0.294). Similarly, traditional versus non-traditional flavor initiation did not show a statistically significant difference in adolescent e-cigarette harm perceptions (p = 0.601). Conclusions Traditionally flavored e-cigarette initiation produces similar risk for addiction and harm perceptions as non-traditionally flavored initiation. These findings suggest that banning non-traditional flavors alone may be ineffective in curbing e-cigarette addiction and harm perception. Additional research is needed to better understand which e-cigarette product characteristics and behaviors may be associated with greater addiction and reduced harm perceptions.

Abstract Background Childhood stunting is a major problem in Tanzania, affecting an estimated 2.7 million children under 5 years of age. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with exposure to mass media (radio and television) and IPC (interpersonal communication) components integrated in a national communications campaign aiming to decrease stunting in Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3082 men and 4996 women dyads after the campaign. The average age of men was 34.7 years (SD = 8.9) and 28.1 years (SD = 6.9) for women. Several factors affecting exposure to the campaign were studied. Comparisons were made between radio, TV, and IPC exposure. Results Mothers who reported i) higher wealth, ii) being the primary decision-makers in the home, iii) receiving support from their husbands, iv) frequent access to radio and TV and, v) ownership of a cell phone, were more likely to report exposure to the mass media component of the communications campaign. Contrarily, the same factors were not predictors of exposure to the IPC component. Fathers who reported: i) higher wealth and education, ii) ownership of a cell phone, iii) recently listened to the radio, iv) that the mother made the decisions in the home and v) helping at home, were more likely to be exposed to the mass media component. Conclusion Significant factors affecting exposure to the communications campaign were varied but not consistent between mass media and IPC. Because of the high frequency of exposure to the campaign overall, both media and IPC components are important in a large-scale, health-related communications campaign.