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We present a case of bronchial injury following bougie-assisted endotracheal intubation in a patient with difficult airway scheduled to undergo right percutaneous nephrolithotomy under general anaesthesia. The patient developed pleuritic pain along with right pleural effusion on the third postoperative day which was diagnosed by the anaesthesiologist who was following up the patient for airway trauma-associated complications. However, the patient was diagnosed to have a nephropleural fistula, a rare complication of supracostal access to percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which was managed successfully., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

A 77-year-old man presented with watery, bloody diarrhoea, symptomatic anaemia and signs of sepsis. He was well known to our unit with a history of extensive low-grade urothelial carcinoma involving a solitary kidney. CT performed on admission demonstrated a new finding of renocolic fistula. Due to his multiple medical and surgical comorbidities conservative management was elected. He passed away after 1 year of follow-up., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Abdominal angiography with selective arteriography and subsequent embolisation is an accepted management modality in the treatment of selected solid organ injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. This management practice is well established in the haemodynamically stable patient; however, this remains more controversial in haemodynamically compromised patients, though warrants consideration in both cases due to the associated benefits of non-operative management. This case report describes the successful non-operative management of a severe renal injury in a young polytraumatised patient following a high-speed motor vehicle crash. In addition, the rare CT diagnosis and management of an acute traumatic arteriocalcyeal fistula is discussed with a focus on the importance of renal parenchymal preservation., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared., (2017 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Ureterovaginal fistula (UVF) is a challenging problem for patients and doctors, especially in patients who have been treated by radiation for malignancy. UVF may occur in conjunction with surgeries involving the uterus. A success rate of 70-100% has been reported for fistula repair with the best results in non-radiated patients. Meanwhile, conservative treatment using ureteral stents in selected patients has resulted in reported success rates of 71%. We present the case of a 24-year-old woman with UVF due to surgery and radiotherapy for cervix cancer. The patient has been successfully treated with the insertion of a Memokath 051 stent (PNN Medical A/S, Denmark), which is a thermoexpandable, nickel-titanium alloy stent. The patient has been totally continent during a follow-up period of 3 years. The Memokath stent has been changed twice within this period due to dysfunction., (2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Chyluria is the passage of milky urine due to a lymphourinary fistula secondary to lymphatic stasis caused by obstruction of the lymphatic flow. This can be caused by parasitic or non-parasitic infections. Though chyluria is a commonly encountered entity in clinical practice particularly in developing countries like India, it is rarely discussed in English literature. We report a case of chyluria with right bifid ureter in a 50-year-old male patient who was treated with intrarenal pelvic instillation of 1% silver nitrate (AgNO3) and emphasis on the diagnostic implication of retrograde pyelography prior to endoscopic sclerotherapy in managing chyluria particularly in renal anomalies.

Vesicocutaneous fistulas (VCF) are a rare complication of radical radiotherapy to the pelvis. Timely diagnosis and management are often difficult and complex. We report the unusual case of a 64-year-old gentleman who presented to the emergency department with worsening sepsis and profuse discharge from a cutaneous opening in the left groin. This presentation was 6 weeks following the completion of external beam radiotherapy for apical margin-positive prostate cancer (pT3a). A diagnosis of a VCF was confirmed after CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast. Urinary diversion was achieved by a temporary urethral catheter insertion. Full resolution of this gentleman's symptoms was accomplished. In this article, we present a non-invasive approach to the management of VCF. This case raises intricate management issues in the atypical development of an early urinary tract fistula postradiotherapy.

Recto-urethral fistula is one of the most serious complications caused by high-intensity-focused ultrasound used as salvage treatment for recurrence of prostate cancer after brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). We report the case of a recto-urethral fistula in a 68-year-old patient, who previously had undergone radical prostatectomy and EBRT for prostate cancer (pT3 N0 Mx). The fistula was treated conservatively by an indwelling Foley catheter, without the creation of an intestinal diversion. The fistula was assessed initially by a retrograde and a CT scan of the pelvis with contrast medium and reassessed periodically by means of retrograde urethrograms. To date, 24 months after this episode, no evidence of recurrence of the fistula has been found.