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1. Social, health and economic impact of COVID-19: Healthy Ageing In Scotland (HAGIS) – a protocol for a mixed-methods study

Author

David Bell, Lesley McGregor, Elaine Douglas, Louise McCabe, Tamara Brown, John Houston, Stella Arakelyan, David Comerford, Alison Dawson, and Cristina Douglas

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Introduction Public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have reaped adverse physical, psychological, social and economic effects, with older adults disproportionally affected. Psychological consequences of the pandemic include fear, worry and anxiety. COVID-19 fear may impact individuals’ mitigation behaviours, influencing their willingness to (re)engage in health, social and economic behaviours. This study seeks (1) to develop a robust and evidence-based questionnaire to measure the prevalence of COVID-19 fear among older adults (aged ≥50) in Scotland and (2) to examine the impact of COVID-19 fear on the willingness of older adults to (re)engage across health, social and economic domains as society adjusts to the ‘new normal’ and inform policy and practice.Methods and analysis This mixed-method study includes a large-scale multimodal survey, focus groups and interviews with older adults (aged ≥50) living in Scotland, and an email-based ‘e-Delphi’ consultation with professionals working with older adults. The COVID-19 fear scale was developed and validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Survey data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse qualitative data. Survey and qualitative findings will be triangulated and used as the starting point for an ‘e-Delphi’ consensus consultation with expert stakeholders.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the University of Stirling for multimodal survey development, fieldwork methodology and data management. Anonymised survey data will be deposited with the UK Data Service, with a link provided via the Gateway to Global Ageing. Qualitative data will be deposited with the University of Stirling online digital repository—DataSTORRE. A dedicated work package will oversee dissemination via a coproduced project website, conference presentations, rapid reports and national and international peer-reviewed journal articles. There is planned engagement with Scottish and UK policy makers to contribute to the UK government’s COVID-19 recovery strategy.

Published
2023
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2. Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation

Author

Clare Bambra, Andy Husband, Carolyn Summerbell, Adetayo Kasim, Tamara Brown, Lucie Nield, Helen J Moore, Falko F. Sniehotta, Adam Todd, Sarah Smith, Claire O'Malley, and Liz Steed

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Evidence-based practice, Alcohol Drinking, Cost-Benefit Analysis, medicine.medical_treatment, NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Psychological intervention, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy Services, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, 0302 clinical medicine, Behavior Therapy, Weight Loss, Weight management, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Preventive healthcare, business.industry, Research, Age Factors, General Medicine, Nicotine replacement therapy, United States, Socioeconomic Factors, Family medicine, Physical therapy, Smoking cessation, Smoking Cessation, Public Health, business, Delivery of Health Care
Abstract

Objectives: To systematically review the effectiveness of community pharmacy-delivered interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management.\ud Design: Systematic review and meta-analyses.Ten electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2014. \ud Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Study design: randomised and non-randomised controlled trials; controlled before-after studies, interrupted times series. Intervention: any relevant intervention set in community pharmacy, delivered by the pharmacy team. No restrictions on duration, country, age, or language. \ud Results: 19 studies were included: two alcohol reduction, 12 smoking cessation and five weight management. Study quality rating: six ‘strong’, four ‘moderate’ and nine ‘weak’. Eight studies were conducted in the UK, four in the USA, two in Australia, one each in five other countries. Evidence from two alcohol reduction interventions was limited. Behavioural support and/or nicotine replacement therapy are effective and cost-effective for smoking cessation: pooled odds ratio was 2.56 [95% CI 1.45 to 4.53] for active intervention versus usual care. Pharmacy-based interventions produced similar weight loss compared with active interventions in other primary care settings; however, weight loss was not sustained longer-term in a range of primary care and commercial settings compared to control. Pharmacy-based weight management interventions have similar provider costs to those delivered in other primary care settings, which are greater than those delivered by commercial organisations. Very few studies explored if and how sociodemographic or socioeconomic variables moderated intervention effects. Insufficient information was available to examine relationships between effectiveness and behaviour change strategies, implementation factors, or organisation and delivery of interventions. \ud Conclusions: Community pharmacy-delivered interventions are effective for smoking cessation and demonstrate that the pharmacy is a feasible option for weight management interventions. Given the potential reach, effectiveness, and associated costs of these interventions, commissioners should consider using community pharmacies to help deliver public health services.

Published
2016

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