Search

Salinity and temperature are two of the key environmental variables influencing the distribution of fungi. Results from the limited research available on the effects of salinity and temperature on growth and reproduction of chytrids were inconclusive. This study investigated the combined effects of salinity (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32) and temperature (17, 24, 30 °C) on the growth rate of Alphamyces chaetifer (isolates IMB230, IMB231, IMB232) and Gorgonomyces haynaldii (IMB233, IMB237, IMB239) cultured from low-salinity water samples collected from coastal wetlands/ponds of eastern Taiwan. All isolates grew well at salinity 4 or below, irrespective of the incubation temperatures, although some grew significantly faster at 30 °C. No growth was observed at salinity 16 or 32. At or below 4, A. chaetifer IMB230 and IMB231, isolated from the same collection site where salinity was 2, produced the fastest growth rate at these salinities while G. haynaldii IMB237 and IMB239, isolated from water samples of zero salinity, had the slowest growth rate. These results agree with previous research that chytrids are sensitive to salinity, and may explain why only 27 culturable Chytridiomycota species and allied taxa have been documented from the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal community associated with marine crabs is poorly known, except for the fungi causing diseases of marine animals of economic value. In this study we examined the diversity of fungi cultured from carapace and gut of the marine crab Portunus sanguinolentus, and the identification was based on nucleotide BLAST search results of the internal transcribed spacers of rDNA (ITS). A total of 256 fungal isolates representing 23 species were cultured from seven individuals of P. sanguinolentus including two unidentified species. The majority of the species belong to the Ascomycota, while three species of the Basidiomycota were isolated from the gut. Overall, Candida tropicalis (45.70 %, percentage occurrence), Apiotrichum lignicola (8.98 %) and Rhodotorula sp. (8.20 %) were the dominant fungi on the crab. The most dominant fungi on the carapace were C. tropicalis (66.95 %), Emericellopsis maritima (8.47 %), A. lignicola and Purpureocillium lilacinum (both 4.24 %). In the gut, C. tropicalis (27.54 %), A. lignicola (16.67 %), Rhodotorula sp. (15.22 %) and Fusarium solani (14.49 %) were dominant. The fungal diversity in the gut of P. sanguinolentus was higher than on the carapace according to the diversity indices. Although some of the isolated fungi were reported to be pathogenic, none were reported as pathogens of crabs, and no disease symptoms were noticed from the crab samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the morphological diversity of arenicolous marine fungi (only those forming fruiting bodies on sand grains) at 11 sandy beaches in Taiwan. The species of Corollospora were identified by ascospore morphology and confirmed through a phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA with other published sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed four previously unknown clades of Corollospora spp. related to C. portsaidica, while differences in ascospore morphology of the isolates in these four clades were observed. A total of 13 species of arenicolous marine fungi was identified from the 11 sandy beaches, including two Arenariomyces spp., nine Corollospora spp. (including four unknown Corollospora clades), Kohlmeyeriella crassa and Carbosphaerella cf sp. Taan Beach had the highest species richness (eight species), followed by Yongzhen Sea Park and Pisirian (five species each). The Shannon's diversity index revealed the highest diversity at Taan Beach (1.51) over Pisirian (1.44), but the diversity was more even at the latter site (Pielou's evenness index = 0.9) compared with the former (0.73). Non-metric multidimensional scaling suggests that there was generally a divide in the fungal community composition between the east and the west coasts of Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on fungi occurring on marine crabs have been mostly related to those causing infections/diseases. To better understand the potential role(s) of fungi associated with marine crabs, this study investigated the culturable diversity of fungi on carapace of the marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus collected at Kueishan Island, Taiwan. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), 18S and 28S of the rDNA for identification, 12 species of fungi were isolated from 46 individuals of X. testudinatus: Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus versicolor, Candida parapsilosis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Mycosphaerella sp., Parengyodontium album, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium paxili, Stachylidium bicolor, Zasmidium sp. (Ascomycota), Cystobasidium calyptogenae and Earliella scabrosa (Basidiomycota). With additional data from other published reports, a total of 26 species of fungi (23 Ascomycota, three Basidiomycota) have been recorded from X. testudinatus. Aspergillus is the most speciose genus on the crab, followed by Penicillium and Candida. All but one species (Xylaria arbuscula) had been previously isolated from substrates in the marine environment, although many are typical terrestrial taxa. None of the recorded fungi on X. testudinatus are reported pathogens of crabs, but some have caused diseases of other marine animals. Whether the crab X. testudinatus is a vehicle of marine fungal diseases requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An apparently undescribed lignicolous Dactylospora species was collected on a rocky shore in northern Taiwan. The ascomatal morphology of this fungus is similar to other marine Dactylospora species, whereas the unique feature of the new fungus is a distinct perispore forming an ascospore appendage, which comprises a thick and hyaline sheath connected at the septum that opens at both ends. Dactylospora vrijmoediae is described and illustrated as new to science. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of the partial 18S and 28S rRNA and RPB2 genes, D. vrijmoediae occurs with other marine species, D. haliotrepha, D. mangrovei, and the terrestrial Sclerococcum sphaerale in an unnamed clade within the Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota. The marine Dactylospora species are distantly placed and are separated from the terrestrial Dactylospora species included in the analysis ( D. lobariella, D. imperfecta). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]