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A new Cotyledon species, C. nielsii N.R.Crouch, D.Styles & Mich.Walters, is described from cliffs of the western part of eThekwini Metro near the city of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The species is closely allied to the recently described C. petiolaris van Jaarsv. from the Wild Coast region of the Eastern Cape province, but is readily separable on vegetative and reproductive characteristics.

The name Cotyledon clavifolia Haw., basionym of Adromischus cristatus (Haw.) Lem. var. clavifolius (Haw.) Toelken (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; A. sect. Longipedunculati Poelln.), is lectotypified on a Thomas Duncanson plate held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Previous lectotypifications of the name C. clavifolia were not effective. An amplified description is provided for the variety, and it is here recorded from a location northwest of East London.

A new Cotyledon is described from the Barberton centre of endemism, in Mpumalanga. Cotyledon egglii is a distinct succulent shrublet from serpentine soils growing on steep cliffs and rocky terrain in Savanna. It differs from Cotyledon orbiculata var. oblonga by its distinctly cuneiform leaves sparingly beset with glandular hairs and corolla bearing horizontally spreading transversely oblong yellowish squamae 2 × 1mm, truncate at the apex.

Cotyledon petiolaris, a new species is described from shale cliffs of the Mbashe River (eastern coast of the Eastern Cape), South Africa. It differs from all other Cotyledon species by its short leaf petiole and continuous cartilaginous margin, extending to the petiole.

A new Cotyledon species, related to the widespread C. woodii, but with sticky leaves, is named from the lower slopes of the mountains surrounding the Kouga Dam in the Eastern Cape.

Cotyledon flanaganii Schonl. & Baker f. is re-instated, and a new subspecies Cotyledon flanaganii subsp. mzimvubuensis is described and illustrated from shale cliffs and steep banks along Mzimvubu and Msikaba rivers in the Eastern Cape. It differs from Cotyledon flanaganii subsp. flanaganii by its distinctly linear spathulate, dorsiventrally flattened, sparingly glandular hairy leaves, and dorsiventrally flattened leaf-like bracts on the peduncle becoming smaller upwards. It grows in Eastern Valley Bushveld which is part of the Savanna Biome.

Summary: A new species of Cotyledon was first described as Cotyledon lutea Van Jaarsveld in 2015, but the name is an illegitimate later homonym. The attempt to correct this nomenclatural problem by publishing the name Cotyledon adscendens resulted in another inadvertent illegitimate later homonym. The situation is here rectified by publishing the new name Cotyledon xanthantha.

Summary: Two new species are described, Cotyledon eliseae from the southern Cape and Tylecodon tribblei from the northwestern Cape.