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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is founded on the idea that the "Mind and Body" are all interconnected. When you have a difficult time or disturbing lifestyle and experience a series of somatic and psychological symptoms mimicking inflammation-induced sickness behaviors, the TCM practitioners would be very likely to give you a diagnosis of "On Fire" and prescribe specific food intervention and herbal medicine, which might be considered anti-inflammatory to "cool you down." Psychoneuroimmunology has been long stemmed in ancient medicine.

Highlights • Ischaemic brain injury drives profound changes in the gut microbiota. • The effects of brain injury on the gut microbiota include changes in goblet cells and noradrenaline. • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) also changes the gut microbiota., Intestinal microbiota are critical for health with changes associated with diverse human diseases. Research suggests that altered intestinal microbiota can profoundly affect brain function. However, whether altering brain function directly affects the microbiota is unknown. Since it is currently unclear how brain injury induces clinical complications such as infections or paralytic ileus, key contributors to prolonged hospitalization and death post-stroke, we tested in mice the hypothesis that brain damage induced changes in the intestinal microbiota. Experimental stroke altered the composition of caecal microbiota, with specific changes in Peptococcaceae and Prevotellaceae correlating with the extent of injury. These effects are mediated by noradrenaline release from the autonomic nervous system with altered caecal mucoprotein production and goblet cell numbers. Traumatic brain injury also caused changes in the gut microbiota, confirming brain injury effects gut microbiota. Changes in intestinal microbiota after brain injury may affect recovery and treatment of patients should appreciate such changes.

To mark the 20th anniversary of the publication of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity (BBI), the current editors have arranged for a yearlong series of historical papers on research areas that have matured during the past 20 years. The papers will be written by investigators who were and continue to be active in the field of psychoneuroimmunology. This will be the second Named Series in the journal and is entitled, “Twenty Years of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.” Dr. Eric Smith at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston will serve as Guest Editor of this Named Series. Dr. Smith and colleagues were at the cutting edge of psychoneuroimmunology in 1987, and his active research program continues today. As the current President of the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society, Dr. Smith is ideally positioned to guide this series to successful completion. In some ways, this brief commentary is an analogous statement on the maturation of BBI. Psychoneuroimmunology has, in the past 20 years, passed through stages of greater and then lesser opposition. The field has now reached the point where, if it is not totally accepted as being self evident, it is a bonafide specialized area of interdisciplinary research characterized by societies, journals, books, international meetings and NIH research grants. These are the trappings of a viable and important scientific enterprise.

The focus on fatigue for the 2012 Named Series in brain, behavior, and immunity reflects the growing wave of research examining immune underpinnings of fatigue in healthy and clinical populations. Fatigue is prevalent in the general population and in patients with a variety of medical conditions. However, the etiology of fatigue remains elusive. Psychoneuroimmunological approaches to fatigue have yielded important advances in our understanding of this complex symptom and are represented in the twelve articles included in the Named Series. These articles include animal and human models of fatigue and cross a variety of different medical conditions, including cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and diabetes. This review briefly summarizes the articles included in the series and highlights the themes that have emerged from this body of work.

For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmunology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune-viral pathogen relationship.

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA Behavioural Medicine Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventative Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany d School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK

During the preparation of the manuscript, multiple sentences in the Introduction and Discussion sections were inappropriately copied from published reports ( Laura Redwine, Richard L. Hauger, J. Christian Gillin, Michael Irwin. 2000 Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 85, 3597–3603. ). The authors regret the errors, and apologize to Redwine et al. All experimental data and conclusions remain solid. The correct Introduction and Discussion appear below and references cited are as in the original report.