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Aim: To investigate the relation between uncooperative behavior and salivary cortisol level in children who underwent preventive dental care. Methods: The sample was composed by 10 children of both sexes aged 40 to 52 months, presenting uncooperative behavior during dental preventive treatments. The saliva collection was performed using a cotton wheel and an Eppendorf tube (Sarstedt Salivete®) in 3 different moments: a) at home, on a day without dental treatment and at the same time on the day of the sessions treatment; b) 30 min after the end of the session, when there was manifestation of uncooperative behavior; c) 30 min after the end of the session, when there was a cooperative behavior of the child. A sample of saliva was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2400 rpm, 1 of mL of saliva was pipetted in an Eppendorf tube and stored in a freezer at -20 ° C. For the determination of the levels of salivary cortisol was used an Active® kit for cortisol enzyme immunoassay (EIA) DSL-10- 67100, composed of specific rabbit antibody anti-cortisol. Data were analyzed statistically for the uncooperative behavior issued in the beginning and at the end of sessions, using the paired t test (p<0.05) and for cortisol levels in saliva samples at home, after the beginning and at the end of sessions, using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results: During expression of uncooperative behavior in preventive dental care sessions the salivary cortisol level was significantly higher (0.65 ± 0.25 μg/dL) compared with expression of collaborative behavior (0.24 ± 0.10 μg/dL). Conclusions: It is possible to conclude that, even under preventive intervention, the stress must be controlled in order to reduce dental anxiety and fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the performance of dental caries detection when adjunct methods are associated and their applicability in epidemiological survey of dental caries, at D3 (cavitated carious lesions at dentin layer) and D1+D3 (non cavitated and cavitated carious lesions at enamel/dentin layer) diagnostic thresholds. Methods: A total of 2189 posterior teeth from 165 12-year-old schoolchildren underwent visual examination without (CL1) and with artificial lighting (CL2), radiographic bitewing (BW), fiber-optic transillumination/FOTI (FT), DIAGNOdent™ (DD) and associations of these methods. Reproducibility was calculated by Kappa statistics and validity was calculated by sensitivity, specificity and accuracy tests. ANOVA (Scott-Knott test) was performed in order to compare the average values of DMF-S obtained by the diagnostic methods. Results: The CL2FTDDBW (D3) and CL2BW (D1+D3) exams presented the highest values for accuracy at epidemiological setting. The DMF-S index obtained for those exams was statistically different at D3 and D1+D3 thresholds. Conclusions: The association of adjunct methods increased the validity of dental caries examination in an epidemiological setting. However, the potential of CL2BW (traditional caries detection methods) or visual exam performed under a more refined diagnostic criteria must be considered in dental caries epidemiological surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the reliability of linear measurements in virtual models by comparing measurements performed on virtual models obtained from alginate impression scans, plaster model and measurements performed on conventional plaster model. Methods: The sample comprised 26 randomly selected patients to have impressions of their upper and lower jaws taken using alginate and their bite registration using a wax bite. The virtual models were obtained by scanning the alginate impression and the plaster model in a laser surface scanner (R700; 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), and the measurements were performed using the Ortho Analyser (3Shape) proprietary software. The linear measurements of the size of the teeth mesial to distal, arch perimeter, intercanine distance and intermolar distance in the upper and lower arches were performed on plaster models, digital impressions and digital models, by three observers and repeated after 15 days on 8 models for intra-observer evaluations. Data were tabulated and analyzed statistically. Intra-class correlation to check the agreement of intra and inter-observers and ANOVA test were used to analyze the differences between measurements of digital models from impression and digital models from plaster. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference (pd"0.05) for the posterior teeth, anterior teeth, upper arch perimeter and lower inter-canine distance, comparing the digital models with plaster models, but these differences are considered clinically non-significant. Conclusions: Digital models were proven be reliable and clinically acceptable for measuring tooth width, perimeter arches, intercanine and intermolar distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study evaluated saliva effects on enamel morphology surface after microabrasion technique. Methods: Enamel blocks (16 mm²) obtained from bovine incisors were divided into 9 groups as follows: one control group (no treatment), four groups with microabrasion treatment using 35% phosphoric acid and pumice (H3PO4+Pum) and other four groups treated with 6.6% hydrochloric acid and silica (HCl+Sil). One group of each treatment was submitted to 4 frames of saliva exposure: without exposure, 1-h exposure, 24-h exposure, and 7-days exposure on in situ regimen. Nineteen volunteers (n=19), considered as statistical blocks, used an intraoral appliance containing the specimens, for 7 days. Enamel roughness (Ra) was tested before and after treatment, and after saliva exposure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate qualitatively the enamel morphology. Results: All groups exhibited increased Ra after microabrasion. With regards to saliva exposure, the treatment with HCl+Sil presented more susceptibility to the saliva action, but no period of time was efficient in re-establishing this characteristic compared with the control group. CLSM analysis showed reduction of the micro-abrasive damages during the experimental times. Conclusions: Seven days of saliva exposure were not sufficient for the treated enamel to reach its normal characteristics compared with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare temporomandibular (TMD) subgroups classified according to the presence of localized pain (LP) or widespread pain (WP) in order to assess the quality of life domains and verify which components affect most the functional capacity of facial pain patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and the Short Form-36 Health Survey was applied in order to assess quality of life. Thirty-nine TMD/WP patients, 37 TMD/LP patients and 40 subjects free of TMD complaints were evaluated. Results: TMD/WP patients differed significantly from healthy controls in all SF-36 components and TMD/LP patients ranked between them. It was also observed that patients with bodily pain and TMD with WP are respectively, 4.16 and 49.42 times more likely to have low functional capacity. Conclusions: Functional capacity in TMD subgroups was only affected by the presence of bodily pain and WP. These patients feature high chance of low functional capacity. Furthermore, TMD patients with localized and widespread pain share role-emotional impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the effect of different radiant exposures on the degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness number (KHN), plasticization (P), water sorption (WS), and solubility (S) of different monomer resin-based composites. Methods: Circular specimens (5 x 2 mm) were manufactured from methacrylate and silorane composite resins, and light-cured at 19.8, 27.8, 39.6, and 55.6 J/cm², using second-generation LED at 1,390 mW/cm². After 24 h, DC was obtained using a FT-Raman spectrometer equipped with a Nd:YAG laser, KHN was measured with 50-g load for 15 s, and P was evaluated on the top and bottom surfaces by the percentage of hardness reduction after 24 h immersed in absolute alcohol. WS and S were determined according to ISO 4049. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (α=0.05). Results: Methacrylate material presented higher DC, KHN, P, and WS than silorane (p<0.05). There was no difference in the S values (p>0.05). The increased radiant exposures improved only the KHN (p<0.05). In general, top surfaces showed higher DC and KHN than bottom, for both materials (p<0.05). The increase of the radiant exposure did not improve most physical properties of the composites and were monomerbase dependent. Conclusions: Chemical composition of the composite resins resulted in different physical properties behavior and could affect the clinical longevity of dental restorations, but overall these properties were not influenced by the different radiant exposures evaluated in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects similar to Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in second primary molars can be found in the literature, being recently named Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH). Researchers have stated that the presence of DMH in primary dentition represents a risk for MIH in permanent teeth. The explanation for this association is probably related to the etiological factors. Aim: To investigate prospectively the association between DMH and MIH and the etiologic factors involved in both defects. Methods: One hundred and thirty four children aged 4 to 6 years from Botelhos, MG, Brazil, were evaluated six-monthly until they completed the eruption of the first permanent molars. A structured questionnaire was developed with questions about the child's health up to the first year of life and the mother's health during pregnancy. Results: It could be noted that, although most children with DMH in the primary dentition had higher incidence of MIH in permanent dentition, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: None of the possible etiologic factors had associations with the studied enamel defects, even among children who presented two types of enamel defects in the mixed dentition. However, further studies with larger samples should be conducted in order to confirm or refute the findings of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the prevalence of dental caries and fluorosis in schoolchildren from two different towns in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2007 - town A (water fluoridation since 1971) and town B (water fluoridation since 1997) - and to compare current prevalence rates with previous surveys, in town A, for dental caries (1971-2005) and for dental fluorosis (1991-2001), and in town B, for dental caries and dental fluorosis (1991-2004). Methods: The sample consisted of 724 schoolchildren aged 12 years from public and private schools (town A) and 197 schoolchildren from public schools (town B). The schoolchildren were examined under natural light by a dentist, using CPI probes and oral mirrors. The mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT), and Significant Caries (SiC) Index were determined for dental caries and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (T-F) for fluorosis. Results: The DMFT was 0.85 and 1.02; SiC index was 2.52 and 2.83 in towns A and B, respectively. Fluorosis prevalence was 29.4% (town A) and 25.4% (town B). In both towns, a significant dental caries reduction has been observed. Concerning fluorosis prevalence, an increase of 44.1% was noted in town A and 1170% in town B. Conclusions: Results show continuous decrease in dental caries experience in both towns. Regarding fluorosis prevalence, stabilization trends were observed in town A. In town B, however, a constant increase was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the influence of light-curing units and light-curing time on the microhardness of a nanofilled composite resin. Methods: Forty-five composite resin (Z350 - 3M) specimens were randomly prepared using Teflon ring molds (4.0 mm internal diameter and 2 mm depth) and divided into nine experimental groups (n=5): three polymerization units (conventional - 450 mW/cm²; 2nd generation LED - 1100 mW/cm ²; and 3rd generation LED - 700 mW/cm ²) and three light-curing times (20 s, 40 s, and 60 s). All specimens were polymerized with the light-curing tip positioned 8 mm far from the top surface of the specimen. After 24 h, Knoop microhardness measurements were made on the top and bottom surfaces of the specimen, with a load of 10 g for 10 s. Five indentations were made on each surface. All results were analyzed statistically by subdivided parcel ANOVA (Split-Plot) and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences for the polymerization unit and light-curing time factors in either top or bottom surface. For all experimental conditions, the top surfaces showed greater hardness than the bottom surfaces (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The mode of polymerization and the light-curing time did not affect the hardness of the nanofilled composite resin, and increasing the light-curing time did not improve the hardness of the bottom surface of the composite resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to review the dental literature about caries risk assessment over the last 10 years in order to show which variables have been considered risk predictors and risk factors of dental caries in infants, preschool-, schoolchildren and adolescents. A Medline search of the published English language literature from 1997 to 2007 was made for papers of longitudinal studies that reported on caries risk assessment. A total of 39 papers were included in this review. Most studies were conducted in schoolchildren (n=19), followed by preschool children (n=9), adolescents (n=7) and infants (n=4). Variables such as caries experience, gingival status, microbiological counts, oral hygiene, plaque mineral concentration, fluoride history, socioeconomic and educational level, demographic, anthropometrical, oral, dietary and toothbrushing habits were studied. Past caries experience has been the predominant predictor for future caries in 0-18-year-old subjects. Other variables, such as dietary habits, including sugar intake, and toothbrushing habits may also help identifying high-risk individuals. In conclusion, the variables related to caries experience continue to be the main predictor of caries increment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of adhesive systems to intact and ground enamel. Enamel blocks from buccal and lingual surfaces of third molars were used for bonding procedures. Intact or ground (600-grit SiC paper) enamel surfaces were bonded using two "etch&rinse" adhesives (Prime&Bond 2.1 and Single Bond), three self-etching primer systems (Optibond Solo Plus SE; Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus and UniFil Bond) or two self-etching adhesives (One-Up Bond F and Xeno III). A 6-mm composite crown was built on the bonded surfaces and samples were stored for 24 hs at 37°C. Samples were sectioned into 0.9-mm-thick slabs, each slab trimmed to a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 and specimens loaded to failure at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, using a universal testing machine. Microtensile bond strength data (n=6) were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Differences in bond strength between intact and ground surfaces were not significant for both "etch&rinse" adhesives, Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus, UniFil Bond and Xeno III systems. The enamel surface preparation resulted in higher bond strength for Optibond Solo Plus SE and One-Up Bond F systems. Enamel preparation using 600-grit SiC paper is unlikely to affect resin-enamel bond strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]