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Diabetic maculopathy is an important cause of severe sight impairment. There has been a significant evolution in its treatment over the past decade and laser treatment is now largely being superseded by intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents or corticosteroids.

This article addresses advances in the management of branch retinal vein occlusion - a common retinal vascular disorder in elderly patients which is a significant cause of ocular morbidity. New intravitreal therapies have improved the prognosis for patients, albeit with significant cost implications.

This article outlines the ocular complications of viral infection. The emphasis is on the most common viruses encountered by the physician, and their clinical features and treatment are discussed while demonstrating the variation and often significant sequelae of ocular viral infection.

The eye allows living functioning blood vessels to be observed and is thus ideal for the study of haematological disease. Disorders of the blood have significant ocular manifestations and pose a real threat to vision, making knowledge of the subject essential to ophthalmologists, haematologists, oncologists and general physicians.

This article summarizes the ocular pathology that can be seen in conjunction with renal disease. Both the eye and the kidney can be the target of systemic disease processes, but the eye can also be affected as a consequence of either renal disease or its treatment.

Rheumatic conditions affect a wide variety of tissues, including the eye, and can cause significant visual loss. Early diagnosis coupled with appropriate management, using immunosuppression where necessary, can significantly improve the outcome. This article reviews the most common manifestations seen in clinical practice.

This article reviews the ocular and neuro-opthalmic manifestations of phacomatoses, while emphasizing important differential diagnoses that exist based on their clinical features. Variations in the definition of phacomatoses do exist, but conditions not meeting the classical definition are also presented.