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The paper outlines the current global situation in respect of making childbirth safer through the promotion of skilled care during this critical life event. The implications of the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) are discussed and a hypothesis offered that has been derived from an analysis and synthesis of a vast quantity of literature. Examples of policy and practice from numerous countries are shared and the possible implications for midwifery practice in the UK contemplated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faecal Incontinence is the involuntary loss of faeces. This can affect up to 4% of primiparous women long term after delivery. Anal Incontinence generally refers to involuntary loss of faeces and/or gas (Brubaker, 2001) and is more common, affecting up to 26% of primiparous women long term after delivery (Zetterstrom et al, 1999a). Research into pre-existing, demographic, behavioural and obstetric factors, which increase the risk of developing anal incontinence, remains inadequate in several areas. Data from different studies is often conflicting due to inconsistency in definitions, study design and population variables. This paper reviews the evidence associated with several obstetric and non-obstetric risk factors, for the development of postnatal anal incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]