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Background and Purpose: An appropriate inflammatory response is necessary for cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid. Here we have investigated the effects of RvE1 on the recovery of cardiac function after MI in mice.Experimental Approach: Acute MI was induced by surgical ligation of the left anterior descending artery in male C57BL/6 mice. RvE1 (5 ng·g-1 ·day-1 ; i.p.) was given to mice at different times following MI. Cardiac function was monitored by transthoracic echocardiography at days 3, 7 and 14 after MI. Effects of RvE1 on the migration of subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages (Mos/Mps, Ly6Chi and Ly6Clow ) were examined by flow cytometry and transwell assay.Key Results: RvE1 administration from days 1 to 7 post-MI improved cardiac function, whereas treatment from days 7 to 14 markedly inhibited recovery of cardiac function. Early treatment with RvE1 post-MI suppressed the infiltration of dominant Ly6Chi Mos/Mps and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in injured hearts, which protected cardiomyocytes against apoptosis in the peri-infarct zones. Contrastingly, treatment with RvE1 1 week after MI decreased infiltration of Ly6Clow Mos/Mps and expression of pro-angiogenic factors in cardiac tissue, consequently reducing neovascularization in the peri-infarct zones. Additionally, RvE1 inhibited Mp migration by activating ChemR23 receptors.Conclusion and Implications: Treatment with RvE1 during the initial 7 days after MI facilitated cardiac healing by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, indicating that RvE1 may serve as an early therapeutic agent for acute MI.Linked Articles: This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]