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7,168 results

1. Effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs compared with placebo in the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review. (Papers)

Author

Herbison, Peter, Hay-Smith, Jean, Ellis, Gaye, and Moore, Kate

Subjects
Parasympatholytic agents -- Evaluation, Urinary incontinence -- Drug therapy, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objective To determine the effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Design Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Data sources Published papers and abstracts. Study [...]

Published
2003

17. Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

Author

Greenhalgh, Trisha

Subjects
Meta-analysis -- Standards, Health, Standards
Abstract

This is the ninth in a series of 10 articles introducing non-experts to finding medical articles and assessing their value Remember the essays you used to write as a student? [...]

Published
1997

18. Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India. (Papers)

Author

Rahmathullah, Lakshmi, Tielsch, James M., Thulasiraj, RD, Katz, Joanne, Coles, Christian, Devi, Sheela, John, Rajeesh, Prakash, Karthik, Sadanand, AV, Edwin, N, and Kamaraj, C

Subjects
Infants -- Patient outcomes, Vitamin A -- Health aspects, Health, Prevention, Health aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on mortality at age 6 months. Design Community based, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Setting Two [...]

Published
2003

19. Effect of strategies to reduce exposure of infants to environmental tobacco smoke in the home: cross sectional survey. (Papers)

Author

Blackburn, Clare, Spencer, Nick, Bonas, Sheila, Coe, Christine, Dolan, Alan, and Moy, Rob

Subjects
Passive smoking -- Health aspects -- Research, Maternal and infant welfare -- Research -- Physiological aspects -- Health aspects -- Measurement, Cotinine -- Measurement -- Physiological aspects -- Research, Creatinine -- Measurement -- Physiological aspects -- Research -- Health aspects, Health, Physiological aspects, Research, Measurement, Health aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objective To examine parents' reported knowledge and use of harm reduction strategies to protect their infants from exposure to tobacco smoke in the home, and the relation between reported [...]

Published
2003

20. Enzyme potentiated desensitisation in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: double blind randomised controlled study. (Papers)

Author

Radcliffe, Michael J., Lewith, George T., Turner, Richard G., Prescott, Philip, Church, Martin K., and Holgate, Stephen T.

Subjects
Enzymes -- Health aspects, Allergy desensitization -- Methods -- Evaluation, Rhinitis -- Care and treatment, Health, Evaluation, Care and treatment, Methods
Abstract

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy of enzyme potentiated desensitisation in the treatment of severe summer hay fever poorly controlled by pharmacotherapy. Design Double blind randomised placebo controlled parallel group [...]

Published
2003

21. A systematic review of physicians' survival predictions in terminally ill cancer patients. (Papers)

Author

Glare, Paul, Virik, Kiran, Jones, Mark, Hudson, Malcolm, Eychmuller, Steffen, Simes, John, and Christakis, Nicholas

Subjects
Medical professions -- Statistics, Cancer patients -- Statistics, Terminally ill persons -- Statistics, Prognosis -- Statistics, Physicians -- Statistics, Health, Statistics
Abstract

Abstract Objective To systematically review the accuracy of physicians' clinical predictions of survival in terminally ill cancer patients. Data sources Cochrane Library, Medline (1996-2000), Embase, Current Contents, and Cancerlit databases [...]

Published
2003

22. Doctors' emotional reactions to recent death of a patient: cross sectional study of hospital doctors. (Papers)

Author

Redinbaugh, Ellen M., Sullivan, Amy M., Block, Susan D., Gadmer, Nina M., Lakoma, Matthew, Mitchell, Ann M., Seltzer, Deborah, Wolford, Jennifer, and Arnold, Robert M.

Subjects
Medical professions -- Surveys -- Psychological aspects, Physicians -- Surveys, Death -- Psychological aspects -- Surveys, Health, Psychological aspects, Surveys
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To describe doctors' emotional reactions to the recent death of an 'average' patient and to explore the effects of level of training on doctors' reactions. Design Cross sectional [...]

Published
2003

23. Effects of euthanasia on the bereaved family and friends: a cross sectional study. (Papers)

Author

Swarte, Nikkie B., van der Lee, Marije L., van der Bom, Johanna G., van den Bout, Jan, and Heintz, A Peter M

Subjects
Euthanasia -- Psychological aspects -- Social aspects, Cancer patients -- Family -- Social aspects -- Psychological aspects, Terminally ill persons -- Family -- Psychological aspects -- Social aspects, Health, Psychological aspects, Social aspects, Family
Abstract

Abstract Objective To assess how euthanasia in terminally ill cancer patients affects the grief response of bereaved family and friends. Design Cross sectional study. Setting Tertiary referral centre for oncology [...]

Published
2003

24. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. (Papers)

Author

Etminan, Mahyar, Gill, Sudeep, and Samii, Ali

Subjects
Aspirin -- Physiological aspects -- Complications and side effects, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Physiological aspects -- Complications and side effects, Alzheimer's disease -- Risk factors -- Complications and side effects -- Physiological aspects, Health, Complications and side effects, Physiological aspects, Risk factors
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To quantify the risk of Alzheimer's disease in users of all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and users of aspirin and to determine any influence of duration of use. [...]

Published
2003

25. Prospective observational cohort study of time saved by prehospital thrombolysis for ST elevation myocardial infarction delivered by paramedics. (Papers)

Author

Pedley, David K., Bissett, Kim, Connolly, Elizabeth M., Goodman, Carol G., Golding, Ian, Pringle, TH, McNeill, GP, Pringle, SD, and Jones, MC

Subjects
Thrombolytic therapy -- Evaluation, Heart attack -- Care and treatment, Supraventricular tachycardia -- Care and treatment, Health, Care and treatment, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To evaluate a system of prehospital thrombolysis, delivered by paramedics, in meeting the national service framework's targets for the management of acute myocardial infarction. Design Prospective observational cohort [...]

Published
2003

26. Surgeon specific mortality in adult cardiac surgery: comparison between crude and risk stratified data. (Papers)

Author

Bridgewater, Ben, Grayson, Antony D., Jackson, Mark, Brooks, Nicholas, Grotte, Geir J., Keenan, Daniel JM, Millner, Russell, Fabri, Brian M., and Jones, Mark

Subjects
Coronary artery bypass, Cardiologists -- Evaluation, Heart -- Surgery, Mortality -- Demographic aspects -- United Kingdom, Surgery, Health, Evaluation, Demographic aspects, Patient outcomes
Abstract

Abstract Objective As a result of recent failures in clinical governance the government has made a commitment to bring individual surgeons' mortality data into the public domain. We have analysed [...]

Published
2003

27. Cohort study of hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (Papers)

Author

Traversa, Giuseppe, Bianchi, Clara, Da Cas, Roberto, Abraha, Iosief, Menniti-Ippolito, Francesca, and Venegoni, Mauro

Subjects
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Complications and side effects, Liver diseases -- Risk factors -- Complications and side effects, Health, Complications and side effects, Risk factors
Abstract

Abstract Objective To estimate the risk of acute hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide compared with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Design Retrospective cohort and nested case-control study. Setting Umbria region, Italy. Participants [...]

Published
2003

28. What do hospital consultants value about their jobs? A discrete choice experiment. (Papers)

Author

Ubach, Cristina, Scott, Tony, French, Fiona, Awramenko, Morag, and Needham, Gillian

Subjects
Medical consultants -- Compensation and benefits -- Beliefs, opinions and attitudes -- Surveys, Job satisfaction -- Surveys, Health, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Surveys, Compensation and benefits
Abstract

Abstract Objective To examine the strength of hospital consultants' preferences for various aspects of their work. Design Questionnaire survey including a discrete choice experiment. Setting NHS Scotland. Participants 2923 hospital [...]

Published
2003

29. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. (Papers)

Author

Law, MR, Wald, NJ, and Rudnicka, AR

Subjects
Heart attack -- Prevention -- Drug therapy, Stroke (Disease) -- Prevention -- Drug therapy, Statins -- Evaluation, Hypercholesterolemia -- Drug therapy -- Prevention, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation, Prevention
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To determine by how much statins reduce serum concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) events and stroke, according to drug, [...]

Published
2003

30. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. (Papers)

Author

Law, MR, Wald, NJ, Morris, JK, and Jordan, RE

Subjects
Cookery for hypertensives -- Drug therapy, Antihypertensive drugs -- Evaluation, Cookery, Hypertension -- Drug therapy, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objective To determine the average reduction in blood pressure, prevalence of adverse effects, and reduction in risk of stroke and ischaemic heart disease events produced by the five main [...]

Published
2003

31. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. (Papers)

Author

Wald, NJ and Law, MR

Subjects
Stroke (Disease) -- Prevention, Heart attack -- Prevention, Health, Prevention
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To determine the combination of drugs and vitamins, and their doses, for use in a single daily pill to achieve a large effect in preventing cardiovascular disease with [...]

Published
2003

32. Haematological manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: retrospective analysis. (Papers)

Author

Wong, Raymond SM, Wu, Alan, To, KF, Lee, Nelson, Lam, Christopher WK, Wong, CK, Chan, Paul KS, Ng, Margaret HL, Yu, LM, Hui, David S., Tam, John S., Cheng, Gregory, and Sung, Joseph JY

Subjects
Severe acute respiratory syndrome -- Physiological aspects, Health, Physiological aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the haematological findings of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Design Analysis of the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with SARS. Setting Prince [...]

Published
2003

33. Evaluation of WHO criteria for identifying patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome out of hospital: prospective observational study. (Papers)

Author

Rainer, Timothy H., Cameron, Peter A., Smit, DeVilliers, Ong, Kim L., Hung, Alex Ng Wing, Nin, David Chan Po, Ahuja, Anil T., Si, Louis Chan Yik, and Sung, Joseph JY

Subjects
World Health Organization, Severe acute respiratory syndrome -- Diagnosis, Health, Diagnosis
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To determine the clinical and radiological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and to evaluate the accuracy of the World Health Organization's guidelines on defining cases of [...]

Published
2003

34. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. (Papers)

Author

Cooper, Nicola J., Sutton, Alexander J., Abrams, Keith R., Wailoo, Allan, Turner, David A., and Nicholson, Karl G.

Subjects
Zanamivir -- Evaluation, Influenza -- Drug therapy, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objective To review the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Design Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. [...]

Published
2003

35. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. (Papers)

Author

Lexchin, Joel, Bero, Lisa A., Djulbegovic, Benjamin, and Clark, Otavio

Subjects
Pharmaceutical research -- Standards -- Research, Pharmaceutical industry -- Research -- Standards, Health, Standards, Research
Abstract

Abstract Objective To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded [...]

Published
2003

36. Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia: randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus orneprazole treatment. (Papers)

Author

Manes, Gianpiero, Menchise, Antonella, de Nucci, Claudio, and Balzano, Antonio

Subjects
Omeprazole -- Evaluation, Indigestion -- Care and treatment
Abstract

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy of a "Helicobacter pylori test and treat" strategy with that of an empirical trial of omeprazole in the non-endoscopic management by empirical prescribing of […]

Published
2003

37. β lactam monotherapy versus β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for fever with neutropenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. (Papers)

Author

Paul, Mical, Soares-Weiser, Karla, and Leibovici, Leonard

Subjects
Fever -- Drug therapy, Neutropenia -- Drug therapy, Drug therapy, Combination -- Evaluation, Beta lactam antibiotics -- Evaluation, Hyperthermia -- Drug therapy, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of β lactam monotherapy versus β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy in the treatment of patients with fever and neutropenia. Data sources Medline, Embase, Lilacs, the [...]

Published
2003

38. Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: randomised controlled trial. (Papers)

Author

Hawkins, Gillian, McMahon, Alex D., Twaddle, Sara, Wood, Stuart F., Ford, Ian, and Thomson, Neil C.

Subjects
Corticosteroids -- Dosage and administration -- Evaluation, Adrenocortical hormones -- Dosage and administration -- Evaluation, Antiasthmatic agents -- Dosage and administration -- Evaluation, Asthma -- Drug therapy, Health, Drug therapy, Evaluation, Dosage and administration
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To determine whether the dose of inhaled corticosteroids can be stepped down in patients with chronic stable asthma while maintaining control. Design One year, randomised controlled, double blind, [...]

Published
2003

39. Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98. (Papers)

Author

Enstrom, James E and Kabat, Geoffrey C

Subjects
Passive smoking -- Health aspects, Mortality -- Statistics, Nonsmokers -- Health aspects, Married people -- Health aspects, Mortality -- California, Mortality -- United States
Abstract

Abstract Objective To measure the relation between environmental tobacco smoke, as estimated by smoking in spouses, and long term mortality from tobacco related disease. Design Prospective cohort study covering 39 […]

Published
2003

40. Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study. (Papers)

Author

Coffey, Carolyn, Veit, Friederike, Wolfe, Rory, Cini, Eileen, and Patton, George C

Subjects
Juvenile offenders -- Health aspects, Juvenile justice, Administration of -- Evaluation, Mortality -- Statistics, Mortality -- Australia
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To estimate overall and cause specific standardised mortality ratios in young offenders. Design Comparison of mortality data in cohort of young offenders. Settings State of Victoria, Australia. Subjects […]

Published
2003

41. Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991-2000: trend analysis. (Papers)

Author

Hall, Wayne D., Mant, Andrea, Mitchell, Philip B., Rendle, Valerie A., Hickie, Ian B., and McManus, Peter

Subjects
Antidepressants -- Usage -- Statistics, Prescription writing -- Statistics -- Usage, Suicide -- Statistics -- Usage, Health, Statistics, Usage
Abstract

Abstract Objective To examine the association between trends in antidepressant prescribing and suicide rates in Australia for 1991-2000. Design Analysis of databases of suicide and rates of antidepressant prescribing according [...]

Published
2003

42. Cost effectiveness of ward based non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: economic analysis of randomised controlled trial. (Papers)

Author

Plant, PK, Owen, JL, Parrott, S, and Elliott, MW

Subjects
Cost benefit analysis -- Methods -- Economic aspects, Lung diseases, Obstructive -- Care and treatment -- Methods -- Economic aspects, Health, Cost benefit analysis, Care and treatment, Economic aspects, Methods
Abstract

Abstract Objective To evaluate the cost effectiveness of standard treatment with and without the addition of ward based non-invasive ventilation in patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of [...]

Published
2003

43. Downsizing of acute inpatient beds associated with private finance initiative: Scotland's case study. (Papers)

Author

Dunnigan, Matthew G. and Pollock, Allyson M.

Subjects
Hospital size -- Health aspects, Hospital patients -- Care and treatment, Health, Care and treatment, Health aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To evaluate whether the projected 24% reduction in acute bed numbers in Lothian hospitals, which formed part of the private finance initiative (PFI) plans for the replacement Royal [...]

Published
2003

44. Outcomes of screening to prevent cancer: analysis of cumulative incidence of cervical abnormality and modelling of cases and deaths prevented. (Papers)

Author

Raffle, AE, Alden, B, Quinn, M, Babb, PJ, and Brett, MT

Subjects
Cervical cancer -- Prevention, Cervix uteri -- Medical examination, Medical screening -- Evaluation, Health, Prevention, Evaluation, Medical examination
Abstract

Abstract Objective To determine the frequency of different outcomes in women participating in cervical screening. Design Analysis of screening records from 348 419 women, and modelling of cases of cervical [...]

Published
2003

45. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. (Papers)

Author

Wilson, Brenda J., Watson, M Stuart, Prescott, Gordon J., Sunderland, Sarah, Campbell, Doris M., Hannaford, Philip, and Smith, W Cairns S

Subjects
Respiratory organs -- Physiological aspects, Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Physiological aspects, Preeclampsia -- Physiological aspects, Hypertension in pregnancy -- Physiological aspects, Cardiopulmonary system -- Physiological aspects -- Diseases, Health, Diseases, Physiological aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objective To examine the association between hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia) and the development of circulatory diseases in later life. Design Cohort study of women who [...]

Published
2003

46. Cross sectional study of conventional cervical smear, monolayer cytology, and human papillomavirus DNA testing for cervical cancer screening. (Papers)

Author

Coste, Joel, Cochand-Priollet, Beatrix, de Cremoux, Patricia, Le Gales, Catherine, Cartier, Isabelle, Molinie, Vincent, Labbe, Sylvain, Vacher-Lavenu, Marie-Cecile, and Vielh, Philippe

Subjects
Cytology -- Evaluation, Papillomavirus infections -- Diagnosis, Cervical cancer -- Diagnosis, Pap test -- Evaluation, Health, Diagnosis, Evaluation
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver reliability of conventional cervical smear tests, monolayer cytology, and human papillomavirus testing for screening for cervical cancer. Design Cross sectional study [...]

Published
2003

47. Increase in blood glucose concentration during antihypertensive treatment as a predictor of myocardial infarction: population based cohort study. (Papers)

Author

Dunder, Kristina, Lind, Lars, Zethelius, Bjorn, Berglund, Lars, and Lithell, Hans

Subjects
Heart attack -- Risk factors, Risk factors (Health) -- Evaluation -- Physiological aspects, Blood sugar -- Physiological aspects, Health, Evaluation, Physiological aspects, Risk factors
Abstract

Abstract Objective To investigate the impact of an increase in blood glucose on the risk of developing myocardial infarction, with particular emphasis on people taking antihypertensive drugs. Design Prospective population [...]

Published
2003

48. Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors. (Papers)

Author

Taxis, Katja and Barber, Nick

Subjects
Medication errors -- Investigations -- Cases, Injections, Intravenous -- Evaluation -- Cases -- Investigations, Health, Company legal issue, Evaluation, Cases, Investigations
Abstract

Abstract Objectives To determine the incidence and clinical importance of errors in the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs and the stages of the process in which errors occur. Design [...]

Published
2003

49. Impact of DOTS compared with DOTS-plus on multidrug resistant tuberculosis and tuberculosis deaths: decision analysis. (Papers)

Author

Sterling, Timothy R., Lehmann, Harold P., and Frieden, Thomas R.

Subjects
Directly observed therapy -- Evaluation -- Varieties, Mortality -- Risk factors -- United States, Tuberculosis -- Prognosis -- Care and treatment -- Risk factors, Health, Varieties, Care and treatment, Evaluation, Prognosis, Risk factors
Abstract

Objective This study sought to determine the impact of the World Health Organization's tuberculosis treatment strategy (DOTS) compared with that of DOTS-plus on tuberculosis deaths, mainly in the developing world. [...]

Published
2003

50. Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double blind randomised community trial. (Papers)

Author

Christian, Parul, Khatry, Subarna K., Katz, Joanne, Pradhan, Elizabeth K., LeClerq, Steven C., Shrestha, Sharada Ram, Adhikari, Ramesh K., Sommer, Alfred, and West, Jr, Keith P.

Subjects
Nepal -- Health aspects, Birth weight, Low -- Nutritional aspects -- Health aspects, Health, Nutritional aspects, Health aspects
Abstract

Abstract Objective To assess the impact on birth size and risk of low birth weight of alternative combinations of micronutrients given to pregnant women. Design Double blind cluster randomised controlled [...]

Published
2003