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Resume Cibler le systeme immunitaire de l’hote dans le traitement antitumoral a maintenant fait ses preuves dans de nombreux types tumoraux. Cependant le role de cette approche reste plus controverse dans les glioblastomes et de nombreux essais sont en cours pour determiner l’efficacite de l’immunotherapie dans cette indication. Le systeme nerveux central a longtemps ete considere comme un sanctuaire immunitaire mais de recents travaux ont montre la presence de reponses immunitaires meme en l’absence d’effractions au niveau de la barriere hemato-encephalique. Mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du systeme immunitaire permettra de developper des strategies therapeutiques efficaces. Les objectifs de cette revue sont de decrire le systeme immunitaire au sein du systeme nerveux central et d’evaluer les strategies therapeutiques en cours dans les glioblastomes.

The Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway is a key component of tumor progression and modulates proliferation, survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. Hyperactivation of this pathway is highly implicated in tumorigenesis especially by gain of function mutation of Kras or Braf. Mek position at the end of the pathway seems to be a promising new therapeutic target in the Kras or Braf mutated cancers. In this review, we aimed at describing the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, the new therapeutic approaches in solid tumors and their toxicities. However, there seems to be predictives factors of tumor responses to these new agents and mechanisms of resistance that we will tend to analyse.

The Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway is a key component of tumor progression and modulates proliferation, survival, differentiation and angiogenesis. Hyperactivation of this pathway is highly implicated in tumorigenesis especially by gain of function mutation of Kras or Braf. Mek position at the end of the pathway seems to be a promising new therapeutic target in the Kras or Braf mutated cancers. In this review, we aimed at describing the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, the new therapeutic approaches in solid tumors and their toxicities. However, there seems to be predictives factors of tumor responses to these new agents and mechanisms of resistance that we will tend to analyse.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. The elderly comprise a large part of the breast cancer population, and there are important specific considerations for this population. Late diagnosis and substandard local and systemic therapies are frequent, which is only partially "compensated" by a more indolent tumour behaviour due to the increasing likelihood according to age of potentially hormone sensitive tumour status. Endocrine treatment remains a key component of systemic treatment in both advanced and early setting. However chemotherapy is a valid option, with interest strengthened by proven efficacy in adjuvant setting for aggressive phenotypes, better management of side effects and attempts to develop predictive index for toxicity. The recently reported laboratory studies on potential mechanisms for resistance to endocrine therapies that involve crosstalk between growth factor signalling pathways and hormonal receptors stimulate also new therapeutic approaches.