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The estimation of the toxic effects of plant protection products on non-target aquatic organisms is essential for risk assessment evaluation. In this study the acute toxicity of two fungicide and two herbicide formulations was determined in four marine species in comparison with the toxicity assessed for the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. From the study it is indicated that the marine crustacean species are effectively protected when acute toxicity data on Daphnia magna are used as surrogate for risk assessment while the comparative sensitivity of the unicellular green algae may vary considerably, depending on the mode of action of the specific formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acute toxicities of the fungal phytotoxins (8 R,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorin and (5 S,8 R,13 S,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorol on Vibrio fischeri, Oscillatoria perornata, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor and Artemia fransiscana were evaluated. (8 R,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorin was more toxic than (5 S,8 R,13 S,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorol to V. fischeri, O. perornata, L. minor and A. fransiscana. The highest acute toxicity of (8 R,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorin was exhibited on V. fischeri (5 min median effective concentration of 3.57 M 10−5) whereas the corresponding value for (5 S,8 R,13 S,16 R)-(−)-pyrenophorol was 801 M 10−5. P. subcapitata exhibited a lack of sensitivity (median inhibitory concentration of >10 M 10−5) to both phytotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study regarding the determination of pentachlorophenol in environmental samples of the South Euboic Gulf, in Greece. According to sources, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as a general biocide and most commonly used as wood preservative, but PCP is also considered as one of the most persistent and widespread environmental pollutants. The study is aimed to determine the presence of PCP pollution in a coastal area located in central Greece. It has been concluded that the developed analytical procedure presents satisfactory sensitivity, recovery and repeatability, and the steps of boiling the samples in concentrated acid or the use of highly hazardous chemicals like diazomethane, were avoided without any negative effects on the quality of the method.

The article discusses the effects of sublethal concentrations on ATPase activity and the fenbutatin acute toxicity on Artemia nauplii. The use of organotin compounds has steadily increased. Several applications of these compounds are mainly in industry as stabilizers for PVC and in agriculture as miticides and fungicides in the marine environment as antifoulants. The study aims to ascertain the median lethal concentration of the organotins used as miticides, in nauplii of the marine crustacea Artemia and to examine the effects of sublethal concentrations on the activity of ATPase enzymatic system.

The article presents a study of the developmental toxicity of cyproconazole on Wistar rats as part of a project on the toxicity of triazole fungicides. The study uses analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range comparison procedure to analyze the data. Results suggest that the teratogenic danger of triazoles is likely caused by the combined bioavailability and cytochrome P-450 that is medicated by embryonic cells to produce a putative toxic metabolite.

The article presents a study which aims to determine the developmental toxicity of the phenoxy herbicide, haloxyfop ethoxyethyl ester, in wistar rats. The study used a 98.2% pure haloxyfop ethoxyethyl ester provided by DOW Chemical Co., carboxy methyl cellulose, and female wistar rats. Results show that test compounds with 10 and 50 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) increased resorption numbers per rat litter and decreases the number of live fetuses per litter.

The article discusses a study which identified the effect of organophosphorus (OP) molecule diethylphosphoric ester of the dicyclopropyloketoxime on the cholinesterase (ChE) activity in Wistar rats. Whole blood and brain ChE inhibition and erythrocyte and plasma ChE inhibition were measured after administration of test compound to rats. The study found a relatively limited cummulative ChE inhibition at a dose equal to 1/3 of acute oral LD50 value.