1. Preparation and characterization of porous (Si$$_{1-x}$$Ti$$_{{x}}$$)$$\hbox {O}_{\mathrm {{2}}}$$ (x $$\le $$ 0.25) prepared by sol–gel hydrothermal process
- Author
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Atenea Josefina Chong-Santiago, José O. Flores-Flores, R. Y. Sato-Berrú, Marina Caballero-Díaz, Roberto Mendoza-Serna, and Lucila Valdez-Castro
- Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis ,Materials science ,Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform ,Scanning electron microscope ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Hydrothermal circulation ,0104 chemical sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Differential scanning calorimetry ,Mechanics of Materials ,symbols ,General Materials Science ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,0210 nano-technology ,Raman spectroscopy ,Sol-gel - Abstract
An experimental strategy was developed to obtain ( $$\hbox {Si}_{1-x}\hbox {Ti}_{x})\hbox {O}_{\mathrm {2}}$$ ( $$x \le 0.25$$ ) porous materials via the sol–gel hydrothermal process. The sol was prepared from Si(OEt) $$_{\mathrm {4}}$$ (TEOS), Ti(OBu) $$_{\mathrm {4}}$$ (OBu: $$\hbox {OCH}_{\mathrm {2}}\hbox {CH}_{\mathrm {2}}\hbox {CH}_{\mathrm {2}}\hbox {CH}_{\mathrm {3}})$$ , anhydrous ethanol, deionized water and nitric acid. The reagents were mixed at room temperature (293 K) to obtain a homogeneous colourless liquid which was subjected to a hydrothermal process at 473 K using a stainless steel container. Finally, the material obtained was treated at 873 K in air. The surface area of the treated solids was determined by $$\hbox {N}_{\mathrm {2}}$$ adsorption/desorption isotherms. The corresponding average pore diameter was evaluated using the Barret, Joiner and Halenda and Horvath-Kawazoe methods. Porous structures were obtained, in which the average pore diameter of the microporous ones was 1.4 nm. The characterization techniques employed were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The Si–O–Ti bonds were detected by FTIR.
- Published
- 2020